Read the Historical Letters written by Bhagat Singh, BK Dutt – 23 March is Shaheed Divas
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Showing posts with label India History. Show all posts
Showing posts with label India History. Show all posts
Wednesday, March 23, 2011
Saturday, January 8, 2011
Wednesday, October 27, 2010
In Short – History about Indian Rupee and Its Exchange Rate with American dollar
In Short – History about Indian Rupee and Its Exchange Rate with American dollar
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Monday, January 25, 2010
Thursday, December 3, 2009
Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar – A Brief Biography
Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar – A Brief Biography
Reality Views by sm -
Know the the 22 Vows of Ambedkar
The journey of a talent from untouchable human being to the heights where very few reach.
1. Name - Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar also known as Babasaheb
2. Date of birth: 14 April 1891
3. Place of birth: Mhow, Central Provinces, British India
4. Date of death: 6 December 1956
5. Place of death: Delhi, India
6.
Ambedkar has been honoured with the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award.
7.
Babasaheb belonged to the Hindu Mahar caste, who were treated as untouchables and subjected to intense socio-economic discrimination.
8.
As a Untouchable In his school days he was not allowed to sit inside classroom, not allowed to touch drinking water, have to wait for the superior class person to give him water, normally its said that school peon gave him water, if he is not there Babasaheb has to stay in school all the time without water.
9.
His native village name was "Ambavade" in Ratnagiri District so he changed his name from "Sakpal" to "Ambedkar"
10.
In 1907, Babasaheb passed his matriculation examination and entered the University of Bombay, becoming one of the first persons of untouchable origin to enter a college in India.
11.
As per Hindu traditions Babasaheb married in the year 1906 to Ramabai, a nine-year old girl from Dapoli.
12.
In 1908, he entered Elphinstone College and obtained a scholarship of twenty five rupees a month from the Gayakwad ruler of Baroda, Sahyaji Rao III for higher studies in the USA.
13.
By 1912, he obtained his degree in economics and political science, and prepared to take up employment with the Baroda state government. His wife gave birth to his first son, Yashwant, in the same year.
14.
In September 1920, after accumulating sufficient funds, Ambedkar went back to London to complete his studies. He became a barrister and got a Doctorate in science.
15.
After completing his studies in London, Ambedkar returned to India. In July 1924, he founded the Bahishkrit Hitkaraini Sabha (Outcastes Welfare Association). The aim of the Sabha was to uplift the downtrodden socially
16.
By 1927 Dr. Ambedkar decided to launch active movements against untouchability. He began with public movements and marches to open up and share public drinking water resources; also he began a struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a Satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right of the untouchable community to draw water from the main water tank of the town.
17.
He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with the all-European Simon Commission in 1925.
18.
Ambedkar's prominence and popular support amongst the untouchable community had increased, and he was invited to attend the Second Round Table Conference in London in 1931.
19.
Ambedkar was also critical of Islam. He wrote that Muslim society is "even more full of social evils than Hindu Society is" and criticized Muslims for sugarcoating their sectarian caste system with euphemisms like "brotherhood". He also criticized the discrimination against the Arzal classes among Muslims who were regarded as "degraded", as well as the oppression of women in Muslim society through the oppressive purdah system.
He alleged that while purdah was also practiced by Hindus, only among Muslims was it sanctioned by religion. He criticized their fanaticism regarding Islam on the grounds that their literalist interpretations of Islamic doctrine made their society very rigid and impermeable to change.
He further wrote that Indian Muslims have failed to reform their society unlike Muslims in other countries like Turkey
20.
When the British agreed with Ambedkar and announced the awarding of separate electorates, Gandhi began a fast-unto-death while imprisoned in the Yeravada Central Jail of Pune in 1932.
21.
After this Babasaheb and Gandhi agreed on the reservation, Babasaheb got more reservation than offered by British .This pact is known as Poona Pact.
22.
In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the Government Law College, a position he held for two years.
23.
Babasahebs wife Ramabai wanted to visit to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused to let her go, telling her that he would create a new Pandharpur for her instead of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables.
24.
In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party, which won 15 seats in the 1937 elections to the Central Legislative Assembly. He published his book The Annihilation of Caste in the same year
25.
1942= He founded his second political party, the All-India Scheduled Castes Federation, which didn't do so well in the elections of 1946. Dr. Ambedkar was inducted into the Viceroy's Executive Council as Labour Member, a position which he held until his resignation in June 1946.
26.
1946== In June, he founded Siddharth College, in Bombay; it was a project of the People's Education Society, which he had founded in 1945.
27.
The Shastras do not permit a Hindu to accept anyone as his Guru merely because he is well-versed. This is made very clear by Ramdas, a Brahmin saint from Maharashtra. Few lines babasaheb said.
28.
He said that if Muslims demand Pakistan they should be given Pakistan. He wrote that if the Muslims are bent on Pakistan, then it must be conceded to them
29.
The Brahmin systematically preyed on society and profiteered in religion. The Puranas and Shastras which lie manufactured in tons are a treasure trove of sharp practices which the Brahmins employed to befool, beguile and swindle the common mass of poor, illiterate, and superstitious Hindus.
30.
On Ranade - It is impossible in this address to give references to them. I can only refer to the coercive measures which the Brahmins had sanctified as proper to be employed against the Hindus, to the encashment of their rights and privileges. Let those who want to know read the preamble to Regulation XXI of 1795. According to it, whenever a Brahmin wanted to get anything which could not be willingly got from his victim, he resorted to various coercive practices—lacerating his own body with knives and razors, or threatening to swallows some poison, were the usual tricks he practised to carry out his selfish purposes.
There were other ways employed by the Brahmin to coerce the Hindus, which were as extraordinary as they were shameless.
A common practice was the erection in front of the house of his victim of the koorh—a circular enclosure in which a pile of wood was placed; within the enclosure an old woman was placed, ready to be burnt in the koorh if his object was not granted.
The second device of such a kind was the placing of his women and children in the sight of his victim and threatens[ing] to behead them. The third was the dhurna—starving on the doorstep of the victim. This is nothing. Brahmins had started making claims for a right to deflower the women of non-Brahmins. The practice prevailed in the family of the Zamorin of Calicut, and among the Vallabhachari sect of Vaishnavas.
31.
The East India Company had in 1819 to pass a Regulation (VII of 1819) to put a stop to this moral degeneracy. The preamble to the Regulation says that women were employed wholesale to entice and take away the wives or female children for purposes of prostitution, and it was common practice among husbands and fathers to desert their families and children. Public conscience there was none, and in the absence of conscience it was futile to expect moral indignation against the social wrongs.
Indeed the Brahmins were engaged in defending every wrong for the simple reason that they lived on them. They defended Untouchability which condemned millions to the lot of the helot. They defended caste, they defended female child marriage and they defended enforced widowhood—the two great props of the Caste system.
They defended the burning of widows, and they defended the social system of graded inequality with its rule of hypergamy which led the Rajputs to kill in their thousands the daughters that were born to them. What shames! What wrongs!
Can such a Society show its face before civilized nations? Can such a society hope to survive? Such were the questions which Ranade asked. He concluded that on only one condition it could be saved—namely, rigorous social reform.
32.
Babasaheb on Gandhi and Jinnah -
One leads the Hindus, the other leads the Muslims. Politics in the hands of these two Great Men have become a competition in extravaganza. If Mr. Gandhi is known as Mahatma, Mr. Jinnah must be known as Qaid-i-Azim. If Gandhi has the Congress, Mr. Jinnah must have the Muslim League. If the Congress has a Working Committee and the All-India Congress Committee, the Muslim League must have its Working Committee and its Council. The session of the Congress must be followed by a session of the League.
If the Congress issues a statement, the League must also follow suit. If the Congress passes a Resolution of 17,000 words, the Muslim League's Resolution must exceed it by at least a thousand words. If the Congress President has a Press Conference, the Muslim League President must have his. If the Congress must address an: appeal to the United Nations, the Muslim League must not allow itself to be outbidden.
They will not meet, except on preposterous conditions. Jinnah insists that Gandhi should admit that he is a Hindu. Gandhi insists that Jinnah should admit that he is one of the leaders of the Muslims. Never has there been such a deplorable state of bankruptcy of statesmanship as one sees in these two leaders of India.
They are making long and interminable speeches, like lawyers whose trade it is to contest everything, concede nothing, and talk by the hour. Suggest anything by way of solution for the deadlock to either of them, and it is met by an everlasting "Nay." Neither will consider a solution of the problems which is not eternal. Between them Indian politics has become "frozen," to use a well-known Banking phrase and no political action is possible.
33.
Dr. Ambedkar condemned Gandhi's support for the caste system and perpetuating untouchability. Dr.Ambedkar warned people,” Don’t call Gandhi a saint. He is a seasoned politician. When everything else fails, Gandhi will resort to intrigue.” "Don’t fall under Gandhi’s spell, he’s not God... Mahatmas have come and Mahatmas have gone but untouchables have remained untouchables.”
34.
On August 15, 1947, the new Congress-led government invited Ambedkar to serve as the nation's first law minister, which he accepted. On August 29, Ambedkar was appointed Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, charged by the Assembly to write free India's new Constitution.
35.
The Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.
36.
Ambedkar resigned from the cabinet in 1951 following the stalling in parliament of his draft of the Hindu Code Bill, which sought to expound gender equality in the laws of inheritance, marriage and the economy. 1951. In September, Dr. Ambedkar resigned from the Cabinet, embittered over the failure of Nehru and the Congress to back the Hindu Code Bill as they had earlier pledged to do.
37.
Ambedkar independently contested an election in 1952 to the lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha, but was defeated. He was appointed to the upper house, of parliament, the Rajya Sabha in March 1952 and would remain a member until his death.
38.
In 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India. He completed his final work, The Buddha and His Dhamma, in 1956. It was published posthumously.
39.
October 14, 1956.At Deekshabhoomi, Nagpur. He converted to Buddhism He then proceeded to convert an estimated 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him. Taking the 22 Vows, Ambedkar and his supporters explicitly condemned and rejected Hinduism and Hindu philosophy.
40.
On December 6, 1956, Baba Saheb Dr. B.R. Ambedkar died peacefully in his sleep. Since the Caste Hindus denied the cremation at Dadar crematorium, A Buddhist-style cremation was organised for him at Chowpatty beach on December 7, attended by hundreds of thousands of supporters, activists and admirers.
41.
His birthdate is celebrated as a public holiday known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti.
42.
His message to his followers was " Educate , Agitate, Organize
43.
He did not like when they were regarded as Harijan, children of God, he said then are you the children of Monsters.
44.
He passionately believed in the freedom of the individual and criticized equally both orthodox casteist Hindu society
45.
Do You know any Indian political leader following Dr.Babasaheb in true sense. They are just using the name and making money .Do not forget Mantra – Educate ,Educate and Educate.
• Following are the 22 Vows of Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar –
1.
I shall have no faith in Brahma, Vishnu and Maheshwara nor shall I worship them.
2.
I shall have no faith in Rama and Krishna who are believed to be incarnation of God nor shall I worship them.
3.
I shall have no faith in Gauri, Ganapati and other gods and goddesses of Hindus nor shall I worship them.
4.
I do not believe in the incarnation of God.
5.
I do not and shall not believe that Lord Buddha was the incarnation of Vishnu. I believe this to be sheer madness and false propaganda.
6.
I shall not perform Shraddha nor shall I give pind-dan.
7.
I shall not act in a manner violating the principles and teachings of the Buddha.
8.
I shall not allow any ceremonies to be performed by Brahmins.
9.
I shall believe in the equality of man.
10.
I shall endeavor to establish equality.
11.
I shall follow the noble eightfold path of the Buddha.
12.
I shall follow the ten paramitas prescribed by the Buddha.
13.
I shall have compassion and loving kindness for all living beings and protect them.
14.
I shall not steal.
15.
I shall not tell lies.
16.
I shall not commit carnal sins.
17.
I shall not take intoxicants like liquor, drugs etc.
18.
I shall endeavor to follow the noble eightfold path and practice compassion and loving kindness in every day life.
19.
I renounce Hinduism, which is harmful for humanity and impedes the advancement and development of humanity because it is based on inequality, and adopt Buddhism as my religion.
20.
I firmly believe the Dhamma of the Buddha is the only true religion.
21.
I believe that I am having a re-birth.
22.
I solemnly declare and affirm that I shall hereafter lead my life according to the principles and teachings of the Buddha and his Dhamma.
Watch the Movie Part from – Dr Ambedkar
Photo of B.R.Ambedkar
Reality Views by sm -
Know the the 22 Vows of Ambedkar
The journey of a talent from untouchable human being to the heights where very few reach.
1. Name - Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar also known as Babasaheb
2. Date of birth: 14 April 1891
3. Place of birth: Mhow, Central Provinces, British India
4. Date of death: 6 December 1956
5. Place of death: Delhi, India
6.
Ambedkar has been honoured with the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award.
7.
Babasaheb belonged to the Hindu Mahar caste, who were treated as untouchables and subjected to intense socio-economic discrimination.
8.
As a Untouchable In his school days he was not allowed to sit inside classroom, not allowed to touch drinking water, have to wait for the superior class person to give him water, normally its said that school peon gave him water, if he is not there Babasaheb has to stay in school all the time without water.
9.
His native village name was "Ambavade" in Ratnagiri District so he changed his name from "Sakpal" to "Ambedkar"
10.
In 1907, Babasaheb passed his matriculation examination and entered the University of Bombay, becoming one of the first persons of untouchable origin to enter a college in India.
11.
As per Hindu traditions Babasaheb married in the year 1906 to Ramabai, a nine-year old girl from Dapoli.
12.
In 1908, he entered Elphinstone College and obtained a scholarship of twenty five rupees a month from the Gayakwad ruler of Baroda, Sahyaji Rao III for higher studies in the USA.
13.
By 1912, he obtained his degree in economics and political science, and prepared to take up employment with the Baroda state government. His wife gave birth to his first son, Yashwant, in the same year.
14.
In September 1920, after accumulating sufficient funds, Ambedkar went back to London to complete his studies. He became a barrister and got a Doctorate in science.
15.
After completing his studies in London, Ambedkar returned to India. In July 1924, he founded the Bahishkrit Hitkaraini Sabha (Outcastes Welfare Association). The aim of the Sabha was to uplift the downtrodden socially
16.
By 1927 Dr. Ambedkar decided to launch active movements against untouchability. He began with public movements and marches to open up and share public drinking water resources; also he began a struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a Satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right of the untouchable community to draw water from the main water tank of the town.
17.
He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with the all-European Simon Commission in 1925.
18.
Ambedkar's prominence and popular support amongst the untouchable community had increased, and he was invited to attend the Second Round Table Conference in London in 1931.
19.
Ambedkar was also critical of Islam. He wrote that Muslim society is "even more full of social evils than Hindu Society is" and criticized Muslims for sugarcoating their sectarian caste system with euphemisms like "brotherhood". He also criticized the discrimination against the Arzal classes among Muslims who were regarded as "degraded", as well as the oppression of women in Muslim society through the oppressive purdah system.
He alleged that while purdah was also practiced by Hindus, only among Muslims was it sanctioned by religion. He criticized their fanaticism regarding Islam on the grounds that their literalist interpretations of Islamic doctrine made their society very rigid and impermeable to change.
He further wrote that Indian Muslims have failed to reform their society unlike Muslims in other countries like Turkey
20.
When the British agreed with Ambedkar and announced the awarding of separate electorates, Gandhi began a fast-unto-death while imprisoned in the Yeravada Central Jail of Pune in 1932.
21.
After this Babasaheb and Gandhi agreed on the reservation, Babasaheb got more reservation than offered by British .This pact is known as Poona Pact.
22.
In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the Government Law College, a position he held for two years.
23.
Babasahebs wife Ramabai wanted to visit to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused to let her go, telling her that he would create a new Pandharpur for her instead of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables.
24.
In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party, which won 15 seats in the 1937 elections to the Central Legislative Assembly. He published his book The Annihilation of Caste in the same year
25.
1942= He founded his second political party, the All-India Scheduled Castes Federation, which didn't do so well in the elections of 1946. Dr. Ambedkar was inducted into the Viceroy's Executive Council as Labour Member, a position which he held until his resignation in June 1946.
26.
1946== In June, he founded Siddharth College, in Bombay; it was a project of the People's Education Society, which he had founded in 1945.
27.
The Shastras do not permit a Hindu to accept anyone as his Guru merely because he is well-versed. This is made very clear by Ramdas, a Brahmin saint from Maharashtra. Few lines babasaheb said.
28.
He said that if Muslims demand Pakistan they should be given Pakistan. He wrote that if the Muslims are bent on Pakistan, then it must be conceded to them
29.
The Brahmin systematically preyed on society and profiteered in religion. The Puranas and Shastras which lie manufactured in tons are a treasure trove of sharp practices which the Brahmins employed to befool, beguile and swindle the common mass of poor, illiterate, and superstitious Hindus.
30.
On Ranade - It is impossible in this address to give references to them. I can only refer to the coercive measures which the Brahmins had sanctified as proper to be employed against the Hindus, to the encashment of their rights and privileges. Let those who want to know read the preamble to Regulation XXI of 1795. According to it, whenever a Brahmin wanted to get anything which could not be willingly got from his victim, he resorted to various coercive practices—lacerating his own body with knives and razors, or threatening to swallows some poison, were the usual tricks he practised to carry out his selfish purposes.
There were other ways employed by the Brahmin to coerce the Hindus, which were as extraordinary as they were shameless.
A common practice was the erection in front of the house of his victim of the koorh—a circular enclosure in which a pile of wood was placed; within the enclosure an old woman was placed, ready to be burnt in the koorh if his object was not granted.
The second device of such a kind was the placing of his women and children in the sight of his victim and threatens[ing] to behead them. The third was the dhurna—starving on the doorstep of the victim. This is nothing. Brahmins had started making claims for a right to deflower the women of non-Brahmins. The practice prevailed in the family of the Zamorin of Calicut, and among the Vallabhachari sect of Vaishnavas.
31.
The East India Company had in 1819 to pass a Regulation (VII of 1819) to put a stop to this moral degeneracy. The preamble to the Regulation says that women were employed wholesale to entice and take away the wives or female children for purposes of prostitution, and it was common practice among husbands and fathers to desert their families and children. Public conscience there was none, and in the absence of conscience it was futile to expect moral indignation against the social wrongs.
Indeed the Brahmins were engaged in defending every wrong for the simple reason that they lived on them. They defended Untouchability which condemned millions to the lot of the helot. They defended caste, they defended female child marriage and they defended enforced widowhood—the two great props of the Caste system.
They defended the burning of widows, and they defended the social system of graded inequality with its rule of hypergamy which led the Rajputs to kill in their thousands the daughters that were born to them. What shames! What wrongs!
Can such a Society show its face before civilized nations? Can such a society hope to survive? Such were the questions which Ranade asked. He concluded that on only one condition it could be saved—namely, rigorous social reform.
32.
Babasaheb on Gandhi and Jinnah -
One leads the Hindus, the other leads the Muslims. Politics in the hands of these two Great Men have become a competition in extravaganza. If Mr. Gandhi is known as Mahatma, Mr. Jinnah must be known as Qaid-i-Azim. If Gandhi has the Congress, Mr. Jinnah must have the Muslim League. If the Congress has a Working Committee and the All-India Congress Committee, the Muslim League must have its Working Committee and its Council. The session of the Congress must be followed by a session of the League.
If the Congress issues a statement, the League must also follow suit. If the Congress passes a Resolution of 17,000 words, the Muslim League's Resolution must exceed it by at least a thousand words. If the Congress President has a Press Conference, the Muslim League President must have his. If the Congress must address an: appeal to the United Nations, the Muslim League must not allow itself to be outbidden.
They will not meet, except on preposterous conditions. Jinnah insists that Gandhi should admit that he is a Hindu. Gandhi insists that Jinnah should admit that he is one of the leaders of the Muslims. Never has there been such a deplorable state of bankruptcy of statesmanship as one sees in these two leaders of India.
They are making long and interminable speeches, like lawyers whose trade it is to contest everything, concede nothing, and talk by the hour. Suggest anything by way of solution for the deadlock to either of them, and it is met by an everlasting "Nay." Neither will consider a solution of the problems which is not eternal. Between them Indian politics has become "frozen," to use a well-known Banking phrase and no political action is possible.
33.
Dr. Ambedkar condemned Gandhi's support for the caste system and perpetuating untouchability. Dr.Ambedkar warned people,” Don’t call Gandhi a saint. He is a seasoned politician. When everything else fails, Gandhi will resort to intrigue.” "Don’t fall under Gandhi’s spell, he’s not God... Mahatmas have come and Mahatmas have gone but untouchables have remained untouchables.”
34.
On August 15, 1947, the new Congress-led government invited Ambedkar to serve as the nation's first law minister, which he accepted. On August 29, Ambedkar was appointed Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, charged by the Assembly to write free India's new Constitution.
35.
The Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.
36.
Ambedkar resigned from the cabinet in 1951 following the stalling in parliament of his draft of the Hindu Code Bill, which sought to expound gender equality in the laws of inheritance, marriage and the economy. 1951. In September, Dr. Ambedkar resigned from the Cabinet, embittered over the failure of Nehru and the Congress to back the Hindu Code Bill as they had earlier pledged to do.
37.
Ambedkar independently contested an election in 1952 to the lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha, but was defeated. He was appointed to the upper house, of parliament, the Rajya Sabha in March 1952 and would remain a member until his death.
38.
In 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India. He completed his final work, The Buddha and His Dhamma, in 1956. It was published posthumously.
39.
October 14, 1956.At Deekshabhoomi, Nagpur. He converted to Buddhism He then proceeded to convert an estimated 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him. Taking the 22 Vows, Ambedkar and his supporters explicitly condemned and rejected Hinduism and Hindu philosophy.
40.
On December 6, 1956, Baba Saheb Dr. B.R. Ambedkar died peacefully in his sleep. Since the Caste Hindus denied the cremation at Dadar crematorium, A Buddhist-style cremation was organised for him at Chowpatty beach on December 7, attended by hundreds of thousands of supporters, activists and admirers.
41.
His birthdate is celebrated as a public holiday known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti.
42.
His message to his followers was " Educate , Agitate, Organize
43.
He did not like when they were regarded as Harijan, children of God, he said then are you the children of Monsters.
44.
He passionately believed in the freedom of the individual and criticized equally both orthodox casteist Hindu society
45.
Do You know any Indian political leader following Dr.Babasaheb in true sense. They are just using the name and making money .Do not forget Mantra – Educate ,Educate and Educate.
• Following are the 22 Vows of Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar –
1.
I shall have no faith in Brahma, Vishnu and Maheshwara nor shall I worship them.
2.
I shall have no faith in Rama and Krishna who are believed to be incarnation of God nor shall I worship them.
3.
I shall have no faith in Gauri, Ganapati and other gods and goddesses of Hindus nor shall I worship them.
4.
I do not believe in the incarnation of God.
5.
I do not and shall not believe that Lord Buddha was the incarnation of Vishnu. I believe this to be sheer madness and false propaganda.
6.
I shall not perform Shraddha nor shall I give pind-dan.
7.
I shall not act in a manner violating the principles and teachings of the Buddha.
8.
I shall not allow any ceremonies to be performed by Brahmins.
9.
I shall believe in the equality of man.
10.
I shall endeavor to establish equality.
11.
I shall follow the noble eightfold path of the Buddha.
12.
I shall follow the ten paramitas prescribed by the Buddha.
13.
I shall have compassion and loving kindness for all living beings and protect them.
14.
I shall not steal.
15.
I shall not tell lies.
16.
I shall not commit carnal sins.
17.
I shall not take intoxicants like liquor, drugs etc.
18.
I shall endeavor to follow the noble eightfold path and practice compassion and loving kindness in every day life.
19.
I renounce Hinduism, which is harmful for humanity and impedes the advancement and development of humanity because it is based on inequality, and adopt Buddhism as my religion.
20.
I firmly believe the Dhamma of the Buddha is the only true religion.
21.
I believe that I am having a re-birth.
22.
I solemnly declare and affirm that I shall hereafter lead my life according to the principles and teachings of the Buddha and his Dhamma.
Watch the Movie Part from – Dr Ambedkar
Photo of B.R.Ambedkar
Saturday, November 21, 2009
India - History of the Bombay Stock Exchange - BSE
India - History of the Bombay Stock Exchange - BSE -
Reality Views by sm -
Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest stock exchange in Asia.
BSE has already launched there website in Hindi and Gujarati.
It is reported that on the Demand of MNS, BSE has decided to start the BSE website in Marathi also.
What is now popularly known as BSE was established as "The Native Share & Stock Brokers' Association" in 1875.
It is located at Dalal Street, Mumbai, India.
In 2002, the name "The Stock Exchange, Mumbai" was changed to Bombay Stock Exchange. Subsequently on August 19, 2005, the exchange turned into a corporate entity from an Association of Persons (AoP) and renamed as Bombay Stock Exchange Limited.
In the year 1850, stock brokers would gather under banyan trees in front of Mumbai’s Town Hall. As the number of brokers kept increasing this location kept changing and finally they moved to Dalal Street in 1874 and in 1875 became an official organization known as 'The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association'.
BSE is the first stock exchange in the country which obtained permanent recognition (in 1956) from the Government of India under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956.
BSE provides an efficient and transparent market for trading in equity, debt instruments and derivatives.
BSE is the first exchange in India and the second in the world to obtain an ISO 9001:2000 certification.
It has successfully launched a reporting platform for corporate bonds in India christened the ICDM or Indian Corporate Debt Market and a unique ticker-cum-screen aptly named 'BSE Broadcast' which enables information dissemination to the common man on the street.
Awards
* The World Council of Corporate Governance has awarded the Golden Peacock Global CSR Award for BSE's initiatives in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
* The Annual Reports and Accounts of BSE for the year ended March 31, 2006 and March 31 2007 have been awarded the ICAI awards for excellence in financial reporting.
* The Human Resource Management at BSE has won the Asia - Pacific HRM awards for its efforts in employer branding through talent management at work, health management at work and excellence in HR through technology
BSE - Hours of operation as per India Time
• Beginning of the Day Session....8:00 - 9:00
• Login Session....9:00 - 9:30
• Trading Session....9:55 - 15:30
• Position Transfer Session....15:30 - 15:50
• Closing Session....15:50 - 16:05
• Option Exercise Session....16:05 - 16:35
• Margin Session....16:35 - 16:50
• Query Session....16:50 - 17:35
• End of Day Session....17:35
Watch the Bombay Stock Exchange – BSE
Watch Banyan tree and many old photographs
Links –
http://www.bseindia.com/ English
http://hindi.bseindia.com/ Hindi
http://gujarati.bseindia.com/ Gujarati
Photo of Famous BSE Bull –
At the BSE entrance one can see the raging bronze bull, which is 5-feet high and 8-feet long and weighs over a tonne.
Reality Views by sm -
Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest stock exchange in Asia.
BSE has already launched there website in Hindi and Gujarati.
It is reported that on the Demand of MNS, BSE has decided to start the BSE website in Marathi also.
What is now popularly known as BSE was established as "The Native Share & Stock Brokers' Association" in 1875.
It is located at Dalal Street, Mumbai, India.
In 2002, the name "The Stock Exchange, Mumbai" was changed to Bombay Stock Exchange. Subsequently on August 19, 2005, the exchange turned into a corporate entity from an Association of Persons (AoP) and renamed as Bombay Stock Exchange Limited.
In the year 1850, stock brokers would gather under banyan trees in front of Mumbai’s Town Hall. As the number of brokers kept increasing this location kept changing and finally they moved to Dalal Street in 1874 and in 1875 became an official organization known as 'The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association'.
BSE is the first stock exchange in the country which obtained permanent recognition (in 1956) from the Government of India under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956.
BSE provides an efficient and transparent market for trading in equity, debt instruments and derivatives.
BSE is the first exchange in India and the second in the world to obtain an ISO 9001:2000 certification.
It has successfully launched a reporting platform for corporate bonds in India christened the ICDM or Indian Corporate Debt Market and a unique ticker-cum-screen aptly named 'BSE Broadcast' which enables information dissemination to the common man on the street.
Awards
* The World Council of Corporate Governance has awarded the Golden Peacock Global CSR Award for BSE's initiatives in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
* The Annual Reports and Accounts of BSE for the year ended March 31, 2006 and March 31 2007 have been awarded the ICAI awards for excellence in financial reporting.
* The Human Resource Management at BSE has won the Asia - Pacific HRM awards for its efforts in employer branding through talent management at work, health management at work and excellence in HR through technology
BSE - Hours of operation as per India Time
• Beginning of the Day Session....8:00 - 9:00
• Login Session....9:00 - 9:30
• Trading Session....9:55 - 15:30
• Position Transfer Session....15:30 - 15:50
• Closing Session....15:50 - 16:05
• Option Exercise Session....16:05 - 16:35
• Margin Session....16:35 - 16:50
• Query Session....16:50 - 17:35
• End of Day Session....17:35
Watch the Bombay Stock Exchange – BSE
Watch Banyan tree and many old photographs
Links –
http://www.bseindia.com/ English
http://hindi.bseindia.com/ Hindi
http://gujarati.bseindia.com/ Gujarati
Photo of Famous BSE Bull –
At the BSE entrance one can see the raging bronze bull, which is 5-feet high and 8-feet long and weighs over a tonne.
Thursday, November 12, 2009
Friday, October 16, 2009
India – In Short History of Kashmir - Part Two
India – In Short History of Kashmir - Part Two
Reality Views by sm –
Read Part One of History of Kashmir-Below is the link
http://realityviews.blogspot.com/2009/10/india-in-short-history-of-kashmir-part.html
Few comments and explanations on Part One -
It was the decision of Maharaja of Kashmir to stay independent,
India was ready to have talks with them, but Pakistan was afraid that
As king was Hindu, he will go with the Dominion of India in the future.
This is the reason Pakistan attacked the Kashmir, As Jinnah and everyone knew that
Kashmir Is heavenly place blessed by nature, so they made attack on the Kashmir to take over as thinking that Muslim population will support them.
That time also Indian army was capable to capture all of the Kashmir again which was forcefully taken by the Pakistan Army but our Leaders did not wanted the war with Pakistan so they went to United Nations thinking like a child that USA and UK and other big countries will order the Pakistan to hand over the captured part of Kashmir to the India, but Pakistan Leaders were to intelligent they did not feared and did not removed their army from the Kashmir and kept there army present in that area, and big nations when saw India has no foreign policy or strict leader they did not forced the Pakistan , this way the Kashmir become the Disputed Kashmir because of our weakness. If our leaders would have died for the country by ordering the full capture of Kashmir that would have been the correct approach, but we did not want war.
United Nations agreed with the View of India, and ordered that Pakistan should remove the army from Kashmir, and UN ask the India to hold referendum or plebiscite in Kashmir, this is a process through which people of Kashmir would have decided to go with India or Pakistan. But Pakistan did not agree, and we did not order our army to capture the part of Kashmir which it occupied forcefully
If we talk legally , you can see that The agreement of Kashmir king with India was legal and Kashmir become the part of India , this way today also Pakistan has no right on the occupied Kashmir , also there is no need to hold any Referendum or plebiscite today or tomorrow the full Kashmir belongs to India.
Do we have courage to capture the Kashmir again by sending our army, waging war against the Pakistan; it’s our legal right to wage a war against Pakistan to capture the remaining part of Kashmir. Why the so called Hindu Political parties do not remember the message of Krishna.
Quote-
We were selfish or satisfied we got chair, we got half Kashmir, we become kings, lets enjoy the freedom and new status of rulers of India.
Do you think this was the thinking of politicians?
Why did not India ordered war and captured the remaining part of Kashmir when world was with us, United Nations also upheld the side of India and told Pakistan to withdraw forces
Whatever may be reasons the above reasons may be right or wrong everyone has to decide in his heart what he feels. As today this situation has changed in the year 2009.
Let’s start the History of Kashmir, Part 2
The history is so complicated with many folds I have tried to make it short and add as much as information to this history of Kashmir after our Independence. As I always feel now the time has come let’s forget what happened before Independence, and let’s know what happened in Our India, after Independence.
1. In the year 1951, the people of Kashmir elected the State Constituent Assembly. After this the Delhi agreement was signed between the two Prime Minister of India and Prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir giving special position to the state under the Indian Constitutional framework
2. The State Constituent Assembly ratified the accession of the State to the Union of India on February 6, 1954 and the President of India subsequently issued the Constitution (Application to J&K) Order under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution extending the Union Constitution to the State with some exceptions and modifications. The State’s own Constitution came into force on January 26, 1957
3. October 17,1949 The article 370 was added to our Indian Constitution , that time also Dr. Ambedkar, and many other leaders opposed to this article but it was added ignoring there opposition.
4. 1952 July 24, Prime Minister Nehru announced special position for J&K under Delhi Agreement Parliament told Kashmir’s accession to India is complete in law and in fact.
5. Year 1952 - Jana Sangh begins campaign called "Ek Vidhan Ek Pradhan" (One Constitution, one leader) and demands that the State of Jammu and Kashmir be totally integrated into India and that the people from the other States be able to visit Jammu and Kashmir without a passport.
6. Year 1953 - Jana Sang leader Shyamaprasad Mukherjee dies in a Kashmiri Jail under mysterious circumstances.
7. 1953 - Sadar-i-Riyasat, Yuvraj Karan Singh dismissed the State Government; Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah arrested; Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad sworn-in as Prime Minister
8. 1955 - Soviet leaders Bulganan and Kruschev arrived in Srinagar and declared that Kashmir question as one of states of India has been settled by people of Kashmir.
9. 1956 - China’s Chou En Lai said that the people of Kashmir have already expressed their will regarding accession to India.
10. 1956 - Former British Prime Minister Attlee says " Kashmir has definitely opted for Union with India."
11. 1958 - Comptroller and Auditor General of India’s jurisdiction extended to J&K.
12. 1959 - J&K High Court brought at par with other High Courts in India.
13. 1959 - Permit system for entry into the State abolished.
14. 1961 - Prime Minister, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru and President Ayub Khan of Pakistan held talks on Kashmir in London.
15. 1962 - Soviet delegates to Security Council said "Question of Kashmir as integral part of India has been decided by the people of Kashmir."
16. 1962 - China launched attack in Ladakh. National emergency declared. China declared unilateral cease-fire after occupying 14500 sq. miles in Ladakh.Ladakh is also part of Kashmir.
17. 1963 - Pakistan illegally transferred 2200 sq. miles of State territory, under its illegal control, to China under boundary agreement.
18. 1965 - Pakistan attacks India, in operation code named, Gibraltar. The defeat of Pakistan results in the Tashkent Agreement between the two countries.
19. 1965 - Article 249 of Indian Constitution extended to Jammu and Kashmir whereby the center could legislate on any matter enumerated in state list (just like in any other State in the Union). Designations like Prime Minister and President of the State are replace by Chief Minister and Governor.
20. 1971 – Pakistan war, again India defeated Pakistan in the war.
21. 1972 - India and Pakistan sign the Shimla Pact.
22. After this Pakistan realized that Pakistan can not defeat in India ,its impossible for Pakistan as India is big brother for Pakistan forever, so they started the different type of war by finding the Mir Jafars of India and these Mir Jafars misguide the Kashmiri youth as well as others to wage a war for independent Kashmir, even if today also if India gives them freedom why they do not understand the dragon will capture them, or Pakistan will capture them and sell them to dragon. Once dragon owns them they will be destroyed there culture will be destroyed as China is a big brother of India, and china is fearful that the India a weak brother has started to gain power and any day it will become as strong as china in everything declaring and establishing India as a Main and No.1 Big brother of Asian Region. It’s possible but our law makers can they do it , or still they want to follow the policy of No War .
In short and few words I will only say that Kashmir problem just shows that we do not know about foreign policy we are zero,uneducated regarding the foreign policy we have defeated Pakistan two times, but we made such pacts that Pakistan become the winner after those pacts, why we did not demand the Pakistan occupied Kashmir after winning the war, even as a foreign policy as a punishment we should have demanded the Punjab and Sindh also that time after winning the war. India won the wars but what we gained after the pact ?
India gained nothing , i am sure when the pact was signed the Prime Minister of Pakistan as well as world was laughing at our foolishness.
Reality Views by sm –
Read Part One of History of Kashmir-Below is the link
http://realityviews.blogspot.com/2009/10/india-in-short-history-of-kashmir-part.html
Few comments and explanations on Part One -
It was the decision of Maharaja of Kashmir to stay independent,
India was ready to have talks with them, but Pakistan was afraid that
As king was Hindu, he will go with the Dominion of India in the future.
This is the reason Pakistan attacked the Kashmir, As Jinnah and everyone knew that
Kashmir Is heavenly place blessed by nature, so they made attack on the Kashmir to take over as thinking that Muslim population will support them.
That time also Indian army was capable to capture all of the Kashmir again which was forcefully taken by the Pakistan Army but our Leaders did not wanted the war with Pakistan so they went to United Nations thinking like a child that USA and UK and other big countries will order the Pakistan to hand over the captured part of Kashmir to the India, but Pakistan Leaders were to intelligent they did not feared and did not removed their army from the Kashmir and kept there army present in that area, and big nations when saw India has no foreign policy or strict leader they did not forced the Pakistan , this way the Kashmir become the Disputed Kashmir because of our weakness. If our leaders would have died for the country by ordering the full capture of Kashmir that would have been the correct approach, but we did not want war.
United Nations agreed with the View of India, and ordered that Pakistan should remove the army from Kashmir, and UN ask the India to hold referendum or plebiscite in Kashmir, this is a process through which people of Kashmir would have decided to go with India or Pakistan. But Pakistan did not agree, and we did not order our army to capture the part of Kashmir which it occupied forcefully
If we talk legally , you can see that The agreement of Kashmir king with India was legal and Kashmir become the part of India , this way today also Pakistan has no right on the occupied Kashmir , also there is no need to hold any Referendum or plebiscite today or tomorrow the full Kashmir belongs to India.
Do we have courage to capture the Kashmir again by sending our army, waging war against the Pakistan; it’s our legal right to wage a war against Pakistan to capture the remaining part of Kashmir. Why the so called Hindu Political parties do not remember the message of Krishna.
Quote-
We were selfish or satisfied we got chair, we got half Kashmir, we become kings, lets enjoy the freedom and new status of rulers of India.
Do you think this was the thinking of politicians?
Why did not India ordered war and captured the remaining part of Kashmir when world was with us, United Nations also upheld the side of India and told Pakistan to withdraw forces
Whatever may be reasons the above reasons may be right or wrong everyone has to decide in his heart what he feels. As today this situation has changed in the year 2009.
Let’s start the History of Kashmir, Part 2
The history is so complicated with many folds I have tried to make it short and add as much as information to this history of Kashmir after our Independence. As I always feel now the time has come let’s forget what happened before Independence, and let’s know what happened in Our India, after Independence.
1. In the year 1951, the people of Kashmir elected the State Constituent Assembly. After this the Delhi agreement was signed between the two Prime Minister of India and Prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir giving special position to the state under the Indian Constitutional framework
2. The State Constituent Assembly ratified the accession of the State to the Union of India on February 6, 1954 and the President of India subsequently issued the Constitution (Application to J&K) Order under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution extending the Union Constitution to the State with some exceptions and modifications. The State’s own Constitution came into force on January 26, 1957
3. October 17,1949 The article 370 was added to our Indian Constitution , that time also Dr. Ambedkar, and many other leaders opposed to this article but it was added ignoring there opposition.
4. 1952 July 24, Prime Minister Nehru announced special position for J&K under Delhi Agreement Parliament told Kashmir’s accession to India is complete in law and in fact.
5. Year 1952 - Jana Sangh begins campaign called "Ek Vidhan Ek Pradhan" (One Constitution, one leader) and demands that the State of Jammu and Kashmir be totally integrated into India and that the people from the other States be able to visit Jammu and Kashmir without a passport.
6. Year 1953 - Jana Sang leader Shyamaprasad Mukherjee dies in a Kashmiri Jail under mysterious circumstances.
7. 1953 - Sadar-i-Riyasat, Yuvraj Karan Singh dismissed the State Government; Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah arrested; Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad sworn-in as Prime Minister
8. 1955 - Soviet leaders Bulganan and Kruschev arrived in Srinagar and declared that Kashmir question as one of states of India has been settled by people of Kashmir.
9. 1956 - China’s Chou En Lai said that the people of Kashmir have already expressed their will regarding accession to India.
10. 1956 - Former British Prime Minister Attlee says " Kashmir has definitely opted for Union with India."
11. 1958 - Comptroller and Auditor General of India’s jurisdiction extended to J&K.
12. 1959 - J&K High Court brought at par with other High Courts in India.
13. 1959 - Permit system for entry into the State abolished.
14. 1961 - Prime Minister, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru and President Ayub Khan of Pakistan held talks on Kashmir in London.
15. 1962 - Soviet delegates to Security Council said "Question of Kashmir as integral part of India has been decided by the people of Kashmir."
16. 1962 - China launched attack in Ladakh. National emergency declared. China declared unilateral cease-fire after occupying 14500 sq. miles in Ladakh.Ladakh is also part of Kashmir.
17. 1963 - Pakistan illegally transferred 2200 sq. miles of State territory, under its illegal control, to China under boundary agreement.
18. 1965 - Pakistan attacks India, in operation code named, Gibraltar. The defeat of Pakistan results in the Tashkent Agreement between the two countries.
19. 1965 - Article 249 of Indian Constitution extended to Jammu and Kashmir whereby the center could legislate on any matter enumerated in state list (just like in any other State in the Union). Designations like Prime Minister and President of the State are replace by Chief Minister and Governor.
20. 1971 – Pakistan war, again India defeated Pakistan in the war.
21. 1972 - India and Pakistan sign the Shimla Pact.
22. After this Pakistan realized that Pakistan can not defeat in India ,its impossible for Pakistan as India is big brother for Pakistan forever, so they started the different type of war by finding the Mir Jafars of India and these Mir Jafars misguide the Kashmiri youth as well as others to wage a war for independent Kashmir, even if today also if India gives them freedom why they do not understand the dragon will capture them, or Pakistan will capture them and sell them to dragon. Once dragon owns them they will be destroyed there culture will be destroyed as China is a big brother of India, and china is fearful that the India a weak brother has started to gain power and any day it will become as strong as china in everything declaring and establishing India as a Main and No.1 Big brother of Asian Region. It’s possible but our law makers can they do it , or still they want to follow the policy of No War .
In short and few words I will only say that Kashmir problem just shows that we do not know about foreign policy we are zero,uneducated regarding the foreign policy we have defeated Pakistan two times, but we made such pacts that Pakistan become the winner after those pacts, why we did not demand the Pakistan occupied Kashmir after winning the war, even as a foreign policy as a punishment we should have demanded the Punjab and Sindh also that time after winning the war. India won the wars but what we gained after the pact ?
India gained nothing , i am sure when the pact was signed the Prime Minister of Pakistan as well as world was laughing at our foolishness.
Wednesday, October 14, 2009
India – In Short History of Kashmir - Part One
India – In Short History of Kashmir - Part One
1. Cashmere is an archaic spelling of Kashmir, and in some countries it is still spelled this way.
2. In ancient times Kashmir was one of the major centres of Sanskrit scholars.
3. The Mauryan emperor Ashoka is often credited with having founded the city of Srinagar.
4. Kashmir was once a Buddhist seat of learning.
5. In the 14th century, Islam gradually became the dominant religion in Kashmir
6. In the story of Mahabharat one can find the name of Kashmir.
7. 7th century: King Lalitaditya builds the famous Sun temple and formed the city of Pharihaspura.
8. 1540: Mirz Haidar, a relative of Humayun (of the Moghul invader dynasty) conquers Kashmir. Kashmir gradually absorbed into Moghul Empire.
9. 1810-1820: Maharajah Ranjit Singh, one of the greatest rulers of India, regains Jammu and appointed his Dogra feudatory Gulab Singh to rule the State.
10. Kashmir and Jammu state was came into existence after the treaty of Amritsar. In this treaty East India Company sold Kashmir Valley to the Dogra ruler of Jammu and later the regions of Ladakh, Baltistan, and Gilgit were added to the state. The treaty was made in the year 1846.
11. Soon after Gulab Singh's death in 1857, his son, Ranbir Singh, added the emirates of Hunza, Gilgit and Nagar to the kingdom.
12. In the war of 1857 Kashmir kings fought from the side of British Empire.
13. Ranbir Singh's grandson Hari Singh, who had ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1925, was the reigning monarch in 1947.
14. In 1947, Kashmir's population "was 77 per cent Muslim and it shared a boundary with Pakistan. Few websites do not agree with this.
15. Before getting independence India and Pakistan agreed that the princely states will decide about there future. Jammu and Kashmir was one of about 565 princely States of India on which the British paramount lapsed at the stroke of midnight on August 15, 1947. While the power was transferred to the people in British India, the rulers of the princely States were given an option to join either of the two Dominions – India or Pakistan.
16. As Kashmir was occupied by Muslims Pakistan believed that Kashmir king will go with the Pakistan, but Kashmir king, Maharaja decided to remain independent.
17. Aug 15, 1947 - India gains independence. The ruler of Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh yet to make up his mind regarding accession.
18. The Ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh did not exercise the option immediately and instead offered a proposal of Standstill Agreement to both the Dominion, pending final decision on State’s accession. On August 12, 1947, the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir sent identical communications to the Government of India and Pakistan which read, "Jammu and Kashmir Government would welcome Standstill Agreement with Union of India/Pakistan on all matters on which there exists arrangements with the outgoing British India Government." Pakistan accepted the offer and sent a communication to J&K Prime Minster on August 15, 1947. It read, "The Government of Pakistan agrees to have Standstill Agreement with Jammu and Kashmir for the continuation of existing arrangements …” India did not agree to the offer and advised the Maharaja to send his authorized representative to Delhi for discussion on the offer.
19. Oct 22, 1947: Tribals in thousands along with Pak regular troops entered the State on October 22, 1947 from several points and indulged in bloodshed and mayhem. The bewildered people of the estate were not expecting an attack from Pakistan especially in view of the Standstill Agreement.
20. Oct 26, 1947: Hari Singh signs the instrument of accession; it is no different than the one signed by over 500 other rulers. The accession of Kashmir was accepted by the Governor General of India Lord Mountbatten.
21. Oct 27, 1947: With J&K becoming legal and constitutional part of Union of India, the troops were rushed to the state to push back the invaders and vacate aggression from the territory of the state.
22. On January 1, 1948 India took up the issue of Pak aggression in Jammu and Kashmir in UNO under Article 35 of its charter.
23. Jan 20, 1948: The U.N. Security Council in its resolution of establishes the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP).
24. After long debates, cease-fire came into operation on the midnight of January 1, 1949. Presence of Pak regular troops in the Valley was attested even by UNCIP documents (UNCIP first report)
25. During one of the debates in UN Security Council on February 5, 1948, Sher-I-Kashmir, said "aggression and not the accession is the issue." The Security Council, however, passed a resolution on plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir subject to certain conditions. The resolution had three parts, one relating to cease-fire while the second, the most important and relevant, was a truce agreement which provided the mechanism for plebiscite. As per the agreement, Pakistan Government agreed to withdraw its troops from the State and undertake to secure the withdrawal of its tribesmen and nationals who had invaded the State. The territory thus evacuated by the Pakistani troops would be administered by local authorities under the surveillance of UN Commission for India and Pakistan.
26. Pakistan, knowing well the fate of such plebiscite at that time did not take any step to fulfill its obligations under the agreement and continued to hold the territory of the State illegally and forcefully even today
27. The issue plebiscite was linked with the condition of withdrawal of Pakistani forces and tribesmen from the occupied territory of the state which it never fulfilled, making the resolution absolutely irrelevant.
End of Part One
Read the part two of history of Kashmir -
http://realityviews.blogspot.com/2009/10/india-in-short-history-of-kashmir-part_16.html
1. Cashmere is an archaic spelling of Kashmir, and in some countries it is still spelled this way.
2. In ancient times Kashmir was one of the major centres of Sanskrit scholars.
3. The Mauryan emperor Ashoka is often credited with having founded the city of Srinagar.
4. Kashmir was once a Buddhist seat of learning.
5. In the 14th century, Islam gradually became the dominant religion in Kashmir
6. In the story of Mahabharat one can find the name of Kashmir.
7. 7th century: King Lalitaditya builds the famous Sun temple and formed the city of Pharihaspura.
8. 1540: Mirz Haidar, a relative of Humayun (of the Moghul invader dynasty) conquers Kashmir. Kashmir gradually absorbed into Moghul Empire.
9. 1810-1820: Maharajah Ranjit Singh, one of the greatest rulers of India, regains Jammu and appointed his Dogra feudatory Gulab Singh to rule the State.
10. Kashmir and Jammu state was came into existence after the treaty of Amritsar. In this treaty East India Company sold Kashmir Valley to the Dogra ruler of Jammu and later the regions of Ladakh, Baltistan, and Gilgit were added to the state. The treaty was made in the year 1846.
11. Soon after Gulab Singh's death in 1857, his son, Ranbir Singh, added the emirates of Hunza, Gilgit and Nagar to the kingdom.
12. In the war of 1857 Kashmir kings fought from the side of British Empire.
13. Ranbir Singh's grandson Hari Singh, who had ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1925, was the reigning monarch in 1947.
14. In 1947, Kashmir's population "was 77 per cent Muslim and it shared a boundary with Pakistan. Few websites do not agree with this.
15. Before getting independence India and Pakistan agreed that the princely states will decide about there future. Jammu and Kashmir was one of about 565 princely States of India on which the British paramount lapsed at the stroke of midnight on August 15, 1947. While the power was transferred to the people in British India, the rulers of the princely States were given an option to join either of the two Dominions – India or Pakistan.
16. As Kashmir was occupied by Muslims Pakistan believed that Kashmir king will go with the Pakistan, but Kashmir king, Maharaja decided to remain independent.
17. Aug 15, 1947 - India gains independence. The ruler of Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh yet to make up his mind regarding accession.
18. The Ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh did not exercise the option immediately and instead offered a proposal of Standstill Agreement to both the Dominion, pending final decision on State’s accession. On August 12, 1947, the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir sent identical communications to the Government of India and Pakistan which read, "Jammu and Kashmir Government would welcome Standstill Agreement with Union of India/Pakistan on all matters on which there exists arrangements with the outgoing British India Government." Pakistan accepted the offer and sent a communication to J&K Prime Minster on August 15, 1947. It read, "The Government of Pakistan agrees to have Standstill Agreement with Jammu and Kashmir for the continuation of existing arrangements …” India did not agree to the offer and advised the Maharaja to send his authorized representative to Delhi for discussion on the offer.
19. Oct 22, 1947: Tribals in thousands along with Pak regular troops entered the State on October 22, 1947 from several points and indulged in bloodshed and mayhem. The bewildered people of the estate were not expecting an attack from Pakistan especially in view of the Standstill Agreement.
20. Oct 26, 1947: Hari Singh signs the instrument of accession; it is no different than the one signed by over 500 other rulers. The accession of Kashmir was accepted by the Governor General of India Lord Mountbatten.
21. Oct 27, 1947: With J&K becoming legal and constitutional part of Union of India, the troops were rushed to the state to push back the invaders and vacate aggression from the territory of the state.
22. On January 1, 1948 India took up the issue of Pak aggression in Jammu and Kashmir in UNO under Article 35 of its charter.
23. Jan 20, 1948: The U.N. Security Council in its resolution of establishes the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP).
24. After long debates, cease-fire came into operation on the midnight of January 1, 1949. Presence of Pak regular troops in the Valley was attested even by UNCIP documents (UNCIP first report)
25. During one of the debates in UN Security Council on February 5, 1948, Sher-I-Kashmir, said "aggression and not the accession is the issue." The Security Council, however, passed a resolution on plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir subject to certain conditions. The resolution had three parts, one relating to cease-fire while the second, the most important and relevant, was a truce agreement which provided the mechanism for plebiscite. As per the agreement, Pakistan Government agreed to withdraw its troops from the State and undertake to secure the withdrawal of its tribesmen and nationals who had invaded the State. The territory thus evacuated by the Pakistani troops would be administered by local authorities under the surveillance of UN Commission for India and Pakistan.
26. Pakistan, knowing well the fate of such plebiscite at that time did not take any step to fulfill its obligations under the agreement and continued to hold the territory of the State illegally and forcefully even today
27. The issue plebiscite was linked with the condition of withdrawal of Pakistani forces and tribesmen from the occupied territory of the state which it never fulfilled, making the resolution absolutely irrelevant.
End of Part One
Read the part two of history of Kashmir -
http://realityviews.blogspot.com/2009/10/india-in-short-history-of-kashmir-part_16.html
Friday, August 28, 2009
India – Who made Indians Beggar British Rule or Indian Rule?
India – Who made Indians Beggar British Rule or Indian Rule?
Reality Views by sm-
Financial history of India can be divided into many groups. But I think correct approach is that to see Indian Financial history in two groups only
British India that is India before Independence and India after Independence.
Read more »
Reality Views by sm-
Financial history of India can be divided into many groups. But I think correct approach is that to see Indian Financial history in two groups only
British India that is India before Independence and India after Independence.
Read more »
Monday, June 22, 2009
Brief Information on Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
Brief Information on Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh meaning of this in English is that
National Volunteers Organization
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh is also known as RSS or Sangh.
It was founded in 1925 by K.B. Hedgewar a doctor from Nagpur, as a cultural organization.
After the formation of the RSS, Hedgewar kept the organization from getting involved in the fight against the British rule.
RSS has been banned in India 2 times.
Soon after Mahatma Gandhi's assassination, rumors spread that the many of the conspirators were members of the RSS and Hindu Mahasabha. In February of 1948, the RSS was declared an unlawful organization and the ban continued over a year.
During emergency Indira Gandhi again banned the RSS.
RSS has many branches like VHP or BJP others.
RSS is involved in relief work as well medical help also.
The head of the RSS is called as Sarsanghchalaks.
The organizational work of RSS is done by Shakha which means branch.
These shakhas are run every morning (prabhat shakha), evening (sayam shakha) or night (atisayam shakha)
The goals of the RSS are to revive the Hindu dharma.
Reality Views by sm:
I strongly believe that RSS should directly stand for elections and declare themselves as a political party with a vision for India not religious Hindu India.
Read more about RSS on there website.
http://rssonnet.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=10&Itemid=27
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh meaning of this in English is that
National Volunteers Organization
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh is also known as RSS or Sangh.
It was founded in 1925 by K.B. Hedgewar a doctor from Nagpur, as a cultural organization.
After the formation of the RSS, Hedgewar kept the organization from getting involved in the fight against the British rule.
RSS has been banned in India 2 times.
Soon after Mahatma Gandhi's assassination, rumors spread that the many of the conspirators were members of the RSS and Hindu Mahasabha. In February of 1948, the RSS was declared an unlawful organization and the ban continued over a year.
During emergency Indira Gandhi again banned the RSS.
RSS has many branches like VHP or BJP others.
RSS is involved in relief work as well medical help also.
The head of the RSS is called as Sarsanghchalaks.
The organizational work of RSS is done by Shakha which means branch.
These shakhas are run every morning (prabhat shakha), evening (sayam shakha) or night (atisayam shakha)
The goals of the RSS are to revive the Hindu dharma.
Reality Views by sm:
I strongly believe that RSS should directly stand for elections and declare themselves as a political party with a vision for India not religious Hindu India.
Read more about RSS on there website.
http://rssonnet.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=10&Itemid=27
Friday, May 22, 2009
Complete List of Prime Ministers of India:
Complete List of Prime Ministers of India:
1. Jawaharlal Nehru: pm office duration- 15 Aug 1947 to 27 May 1964
2. Gulzarilal Nanda: pm office duration- 27 May 1964 to 9 Jun 1964
3. Lal Bahadur Shastri: pm office duration- 9 Jun 1964 to 11 Jan 1966
4. Gulzarilal Nanda: pm office duration- 11 Jan 1966 to 24 Jan 1966
5. Indira Gandhi: pm office duration- 24 Jan 1966 to 24 Mar 1977
6. Morarji Desai: pm office duration- 24 Mar 1977 to 28 Jul 1979
7. Charan Singh: pm office duration- 28 Jul 1979 to 14 Jan 1980
8. Indira Gandhi: pm office duration- 14 Jan 1980 to 31 Oct 1984
9. Rajiv Gandhi: pm office duration- 31 Oct 1984 to 2 Dec 1989
10. Vishwanath Pratap Singh: pm office duration- 2 Dec 1989 to 10 Nov 1990
11. Chandra Shekhar: pm office duration- 10 Nov 1990 to 21 Jun 1991
12. P. V. Narasimha Rao: pm office duration- 21 Jun 1991 to 16 May 1996
13. Atal Bihari Vajpayee: pm office duration- 16 May 1996 to 1 Jun 1996
14. H. D. Deve Gowda: pm office duration- 1 Jun 1996 to 21 Apr 1997
15. Inder Kumar Gujral: pm office duration- 21 Apr 1997 to 19 Mar 1998
16. Atal Bihari Vajpayee: pm office duration- 19 Mar 1998 to 22 May 2004
17. Dr. Manmohan Singh: pm office duration- 22 May 2004 to 2009
18. Dr. Manmohan Singh: pm office duration- 22 May 2009 to Incumbent
Indian constitution does not have provision of acting prime minister this is reason
Gulzarilal nanda is stated as the prime minister of India.
Thursday, May 14, 2009
British Raj Was It A Boon on India? :-
Reality Views by sm :
British Raj Was It A Boon on India? :-
I came to read this post on this blog, http://nitawriter.wordpress.com/2006/12/28/british-rule-in-india-and-nazi-rule-what-is-the-difference/
British Rule in India and Nazi rule. What is the difference?
This inspired me to write this post.
The above post discusses about British raj there atrocities on Indians and compares it with Nazi rule.
First of all let me clear that the comparison between Nazi rule and British rule on India is totally wrong,
Nazi and Hitler were the citizens of Germany, they grew up there and they ruled there own country, there own people, that time it was Germany and not an area divided and occupied and ruled by small different nations, countries and kings.
When British people came to India, there was no India at all .
India was a large area ruled by many small kingdoms .
India was controlled by Muslims and Arab people and some other kings .
So when there was no India at all how can you compare that?
British people conquered India and ruled it on the other hand Nazi people were the citizens of Germany, they didn’t go outside Germany and ruled.
Ruling your own people and ruling other country are two totally different topics ,they can not be compared .Can you compare murders done by Kasab with the murder of gulshan kumar .
Can you compare murder of Rajiv Gandhi with the murder of gulshan kumar . No you can not compare them .
What was India before British people came to India ?
There was no India ,there were small kingdoms ruled by kings and many were ruled and controlled by Arabs and Muslims who were outsiders, who came to loot these small kingdoms from Kabul ,Afghanistan ,and slowly become the rules of India .
After this British people came to India, they saw the opportunity and slowly captured India ..As they owned the India ,this the time they started to give birth to today’s India .
They started to give shape to India ,they are birth givers to India as well as Pakistan.
If British people didn’t visited or came to India , I doubt there would have been no India at all . Mughal Empire did survive till 1857, its heyday can be considered to have come to an end in 1707, with the death of Aurangzeb,
For a brief period of 3 years from 1756 to 1759, the Marathas ruled Punjab and the Mughal emperor was a pensioner of the Marathas receiving an annual pension of as. 60,000 from Mahadji Shinde, the Maratha Sardar of Gwalior .
Before British people came here , what was in India ?
a caste system which robed there owned brothers and sisters .
They say in a last battle of plassy which established total british rule in India was won by british people because there army was full of dalit and untouchable people of India .
Did you ever given thought what is reason dalit people fought from the side of British army.
Before the arrival of British people to India ,do you see there any movement in the past of creation of one India .
Before British came to India ,we got large kingdoms ,but they were large but these kingdoms were not intended to be one India .
British people gave us this feeling of One India , They gave us parliamentary system ,democratic system ,ports, railways etc.
Most important gift British people gave to India is the English Language ,the language of science ,the language which will make India one day super power.
If very carefully you will see you will understand that British people taught Indians how to do business and make money .
If today you will ask old people they will say that British raj was better than this Indian raj.
British rulers banned the sati system ,made a law against it .
Why today in India females are educated ?
This credit also goes to British people indirectly .
When our educated people saw the educated British females , they also decided to teach there females , British educated females gave inspiration .Otherwise today also our Indian females would have been uneducated .
When British people came here ,they fought with local people, Arab people, French people,
Portuguese people and they defeated them all .and became rulers of India.
Even our judicial system is established by British people .
First court was started by British rulers .In 1727 company started Mayors court for civil litigation .
In 1772 an elaborate judicial system, known as adalat , established civil and criminal jurisdictions along with a complex set of codes or rules of procedure and evidence.
British rule gave us telegraph and post service and news paper also.
Today also in independent India we got cases like Dr.Binayak sen , and Gujarat riots etc.
One has to see the positive points in everything and not negative .
Its human nature, if you got power you will rob or beat others this is Jungle raj.
From that beginning we are today living in a society with rules and laws .
How many rulers and kings you know who after winning the other state has not robbed that state you may find exceptions to this .
How many kingdoms you know who robed as well as given and done some good things to that state also.
Before arrival of British rule on India, already Arab kings have destroyed our many books and education houses .
Today also in independent India we now and then hear that police beat teachers ,atrocities done by police or rich people .This is human nature with power the great responsibility comes .
What is SEZ in India ,is it not robbing of farmers his land ,making a owner a servant
Few people will say that British people don’t allow us learn language Sanskrit, I will tell them British rulers are not responsible for this ,for this our caste system is responsible,
Sanskrit was a language of upper-class people only. Other Indians were forbidden to learn it .
Even after independence our own rulers didn’t make it compulsory for Indians to learn Sanskrit .
The real time has come that we Indian as well as British people should forget what happened in the past .
The time has come Indian boys and girls should study History of India only from 1948.
In this global village there is no need to learn and know what happened in 18th century.
For science and medicine, technology its necessary they should know that history,
But we don’t need to argue and talk what happened in 18th century or what happened in British Raj the world is changing we have to concentrate on what has happend after independance .
British Raj Was It A Boon on India? :-
I came to read this post on this blog, http://nitawriter.wordpress.com/2006/12/28/british-rule-in-india-and-nazi-rule-what-is-the-difference/
British Rule in India and Nazi rule. What is the difference?
This inspired me to write this post.
The above post discusses about British raj there atrocities on Indians and compares it with Nazi rule.
First of all let me clear that the comparison between Nazi rule and British rule on India is totally wrong,
Nazi and Hitler were the citizens of Germany, they grew up there and they ruled there own country, there own people, that time it was Germany and not an area divided and occupied and ruled by small different nations, countries and kings.
When British people came to India, there was no India at all .
India was a large area ruled by many small kingdoms .
India was controlled by Muslims and Arab people and some other kings .
So when there was no India at all how can you compare that?
British people conquered India and ruled it on the other hand Nazi people were the citizens of Germany, they didn’t go outside Germany and ruled.
Ruling your own people and ruling other country are two totally different topics ,they can not be compared .Can you compare murders done by Kasab with the murder of gulshan kumar .
Can you compare murder of Rajiv Gandhi with the murder of gulshan kumar . No you can not compare them .
What was India before British people came to India ?
There was no India ,there were small kingdoms ruled by kings and many were ruled and controlled by Arabs and Muslims who were outsiders, who came to loot these small kingdoms from Kabul ,Afghanistan ,and slowly become the rules of India .
After this British people came to India, they saw the opportunity and slowly captured India ..As they owned the India ,this the time they started to give birth to today’s India .
They started to give shape to India ,they are birth givers to India as well as Pakistan.
If British people didn’t visited or came to India , I doubt there would have been no India at all . Mughal Empire did survive till 1857, its heyday can be considered to have come to an end in 1707, with the death of Aurangzeb,
For a brief period of 3 years from 1756 to 1759, the Marathas ruled Punjab and the Mughal emperor was a pensioner of the Marathas receiving an annual pension of as. 60,000 from Mahadji Shinde, the Maratha Sardar of Gwalior .
Before British people came here , what was in India ?
a caste system which robed there owned brothers and sisters .
They say in a last battle of plassy which established total british rule in India was won by british people because there army was full of dalit and untouchable people of India .
Did you ever given thought what is reason dalit people fought from the side of British army.
Before the arrival of British people to India ,do you see there any movement in the past of creation of one India .
Before British came to India ,we got large kingdoms ,but they were large but these kingdoms were not intended to be one India .
British people gave us this feeling of One India , They gave us parliamentary system ,democratic system ,ports, railways etc.
Most important gift British people gave to India is the English Language ,the language of science ,the language which will make India one day super power.
If very carefully you will see you will understand that British people taught Indians how to do business and make money .
If today you will ask old people they will say that British raj was better than this Indian raj.
British rulers banned the sati system ,made a law against it .
Why today in India females are educated ?
This credit also goes to British people indirectly .
When our educated people saw the educated British females , they also decided to teach there females , British educated females gave inspiration .Otherwise today also our Indian females would have been uneducated .
When British people came here ,they fought with local people, Arab people, French people,
Portuguese people and they defeated them all .and became rulers of India.
Even our judicial system is established by British people .
First court was started by British rulers .In 1727 company started Mayors court for civil litigation .
In 1772 an elaborate judicial system, known as adalat , established civil and criminal jurisdictions along with a complex set of codes or rules of procedure and evidence.
British rule gave us telegraph and post service and news paper also.
Today also in independent India we got cases like Dr.Binayak sen , and Gujarat riots etc.
One has to see the positive points in everything and not negative .
Its human nature, if you got power you will rob or beat others this is Jungle raj.
From that beginning we are today living in a society with rules and laws .
How many rulers and kings you know who after winning the other state has not robbed that state you may find exceptions to this .
How many kingdoms you know who robed as well as given and done some good things to that state also.
Before arrival of British rule on India, already Arab kings have destroyed our many books and education houses .
Today also in independent India we now and then hear that police beat teachers ,atrocities done by police or rich people .This is human nature with power the great responsibility comes .
What is SEZ in India ,is it not robbing of farmers his land ,making a owner a servant
Few people will say that British people don’t allow us learn language Sanskrit, I will tell them British rulers are not responsible for this ,for this our caste system is responsible,
Sanskrit was a language of upper-class people only. Other Indians were forbidden to learn it .
Even after independence our own rulers didn’t make it compulsory for Indians to learn Sanskrit .
The real time has come that we Indian as well as British people should forget what happened in the past .
The time has come Indian boys and girls should study History of India only from 1948.
In this global village there is no need to learn and know what happened in 18th century.
For science and medicine, technology its necessary they should know that history,
But we don’t need to argue and talk what happened in 18th century or what happened in British Raj the world is changing we have to concentrate on what has happend after independance .
Friday, January 23, 2009
Back to history 1940 Churchill and india
Back to history 1940 Churchill and india
That brings us back to Churchill, who had a confrontation of sorts with Gandhi. Churchill was an opponent of Home Rule ,freedom for India, and Gandhi was the leader of the movement that won Home Rule. Churchill's views on this matter are not today well-known. His opinion was that the people of India were entitled to self-government. He had said years earlier, in a speech in honor of the Fourth of July, that the British Empire must stand for the principles of the Declaration of Independence. Equally, he believed that the people of India were incapable of self-government at the time. India was not so much a country, as he put it, as a "geographic expression." It was divided among peoples of different tribes, languages, and religions, some of whom meant violence upon others. He predicted that Home Rule or independence would mean a civil war and massive casualties
Today do you agree with churchill ?
was he right about india?
That brings us back to Churchill, who had a confrontation of sorts with Gandhi. Churchill was an opponent of Home Rule ,freedom for India, and Gandhi was the leader of the movement that won Home Rule. Churchill's views on this matter are not today well-known. His opinion was that the people of India were entitled to self-government. He had said years earlier, in a speech in honor of the Fourth of July, that the British Empire must stand for the principles of the Declaration of Independence. Equally, he believed that the people of India were incapable of self-government at the time. India was not so much a country, as he put it, as a "geographic expression." It was divided among peoples of different tribes, languages, and religions, some of whom meant violence upon others. He predicted that Home Rule or independence would mean a civil war and massive casualties
Today do you agree with churchill ?
was he right about india?
Thursday, November 6, 2008
Saturday, November 1, 2008
Does word Hindu is Sanskirt ? How the word Hindu came to the land of king Bharat.?
Does word Hindu is Sanskirt ? How the word Hindu came to the land of king Bharat.?
As a hindu did you ever ask this question to your parents or teacher or did you face this
question in your studies ?
Interestingly you will find it very difficult to answer and may be answer is No.
so start to find out the roots of word Hindu . From where does came from word hindu ?
The word Hindu is not a Sanskrit word. It is not found in any of the thousands of native
dialects and languages of India. Neither it is a religious word.
So try to find about this .
It is said that the Persians who were familiar with the Indian subcontinent, used to refer to the Indus river as Sindhu, a major river that still flows in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, partly in India and partly in Pakistan. However due to linguistic barriers, they could not pronounce the letter correctly in their native tongue and mispronounced it as Hindu . Thus, for the ancient Persians, the word Sindhu became Hindu.Dont know is true or not ? But i am trying to find about the word Hindu where does it came
to land of Bhart .
For a long time for the native Indians, the Indian subcontinent was Bharata, the land founded by the famous King Bharata.
It is interesting to note that the word is neither Sanskrit nor Dravidian and did not originate in
India. It was not used by Indians in their descriptions or writings till the 17th century. If we go
by the original definition of the word Hindu, any one who lives in the subcontinent is a Hindu
and whatever religion he or she practices is Hinduism. The word Hindu is a secular word and
literally translated it means Indian and the word Hinduism denotes any religion or religions
that are practiced by the multitude of people living in the land beyond the river Indus.
today's India, the word Hindu is most misunderstood and misused. Many people have no idea how the word came into existence. The Indus river, with which the word is associated, now flows mostly in Pakistan although it originates in India. It is no more part of the native pride. It is almost forgotten or overlooked and its place is being taken over by the river Ganga.
I hope you wil also start to find the origin of word Hindu ?
Hindu word is given to people of Bhart by western nations ,like persians,arabs, and british people also followed it .
I hope you wil also start to find the origin of word Hindu ?
As a hindu did you ever ask this question to your parents or teacher or did you face this
question in your studies ?
Interestingly you will find it very difficult to answer and may be answer is No.
so start to find out the roots of word Hindu . From where does came from word hindu ?
The word Hindu is not a Sanskrit word. It is not found in any of the thousands of native
dialects and languages of India. Neither it is a religious word.
So try to find about this .
It is said that the Persians who were familiar with the Indian subcontinent, used to refer to the Indus river as Sindhu, a major river that still flows in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, partly in India and partly in Pakistan. However due to linguistic barriers, they could not pronounce the letter correctly in their native tongue and mispronounced it as Hindu . Thus, for the ancient Persians, the word Sindhu became Hindu.Dont know is true or not ? But i am trying to find about the word Hindu where does it came
to land of Bhart .
For a long time for the native Indians, the Indian subcontinent was Bharata, the land founded by the famous King Bharata.
It is interesting to note that the word is neither Sanskrit nor Dravidian and did not originate in
India. It was not used by Indians in their descriptions or writings till the 17th century. If we go
by the original definition of the word Hindu, any one who lives in the subcontinent is a Hindu
and whatever religion he or she practices is Hinduism. The word Hindu is a secular word and
literally translated it means Indian and the word Hinduism denotes any religion or religions
that are practiced by the multitude of people living in the land beyond the river Indus.
today's India, the word Hindu is most misunderstood and misused. Many people have no idea how the word came into existence. The Indus river, with which the word is associated, now flows mostly in Pakistan although it originates in India. It is no more part of the native pride. It is almost forgotten or overlooked and its place is being taken over by the river Ganga.
I hope you wil also start to find the origin of word Hindu ?
Hindu word is given to people of Bhart by western nations ,like persians,arabs, and british people also followed it .
I hope you wil also start to find the origin of word Hindu ?
Tuesday, October 28, 2008
History Of Firecrackers
HISTORY OF FIREWORKS
Fireworks originated in China some 2,000 years ago. The most prevalent legend has it that fireworks were discovered or invented by accident by a Chinese cook working in a field kitchen who happened to mix charcoal, sulphur and saltpeter (all commonly found in the kitchen in those days). The mixture burned and when compressed in an enclosure (a bamboo tube), the mixture exploded.
Some sources say that the discovery of fireworks occurred about 2,000 years ago, and other sources place the discovery sometime during the 9th century during the Song dynasty (960-1279), although this could be confusion between the discovery of gunpowder by the cook and the invention of the firecracker.
Some sources suggest that fireworks may have originated in India, but in the October 18, 2003, online edition of The Hindu, an Indian national newspaper, the Chinese are credited with the discovery of gunpowder.
A Chinese monk named Li Tian, who lived near the city of Liu Yang in Hunan Province, is credited with the invention of firecrackers about 1,000 years ago. The Chinese people celebrate the invention of the firecracker every April 18 by offering sacrifices to Li Tian. During the Song Dynasty, the local people established a temple to worship Li Tian.
Fireworks originated in China some 2,000 years ago. The most prevalent legend has it that fireworks were discovered or invented by accident by a Chinese cook working in a field kitchen who happened to mix charcoal, sulphur and saltpeter (all commonly found in the kitchen in those days). The mixture burned and when compressed in an enclosure (a bamboo tube), the mixture exploded.
Some sources say that the discovery of fireworks occurred about 2,000 years ago, and other sources place the discovery sometime during the 9th century during the Song dynasty (960-1279), although this could be confusion between the discovery of gunpowder by the cook and the invention of the firecracker.
Some sources suggest that fireworks may have originated in India, but in the October 18, 2003, online edition of The Hindu, an Indian national newspaper, the Chinese are credited with the discovery of gunpowder.
A Chinese monk named Li Tian, who lived near the city of Liu Yang in Hunan Province, is credited with the invention of firecrackers about 1,000 years ago. The Chinese people celebrate the invention of the firecracker every April 18 by offering sacrifices to Li Tian. During the Song Dynasty, the local people established a temple to worship Li Tian.
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