Administration of Bombay – Legal system of Bombay 1668 – 1726 – Part 4
Indian Legal History – Part Four
Reality Views by sm -
1. In the year 1534 Portugal first time got the Island of Bombay by cession from the King of Gujarat, Sultan Bahadur. Bombay was controlled by them for more than a century.
2. When King Charles II of England began his reign, the Emperor Aurungzebe was at the height of his power in India.
3. in Surat Company occupied merely the position of one of the big trading houses of the city which was controlled by Aurungzebe.
4. In the year 1661 Portuguese King Alfonsus VI transferred the Island of Bombay to Charles II as a gift on the marriage of his sister Princess Catherine with the British King. That time Bombay was a poor place and population of Bombay was just 10 000, Bombay was a just small fishing, neglected Island town.
5. Later Charles II transferred Island of Bombay to the East India Company in year 1668 for annual rent of Ten pounds.
6. Charles II gave charter to the company to administer the Island of Bombay with full powers and jurisdiction.
7. The company was authorized to make the laws on the basis of Laws of England.
8. Thus with the charter of 1668 , the status of East India company started to change with this charter the trading company started its journey towards becoming a territorial sovereign .
9. Thus Bombay came under the Surat Presidency; The Governor of Surat factory was the ex-officio Governor of Bombay.
10. Gerald Aungier the Governor of Surat factory led the plans of judicial system in Bombay, he was the founder of Bombay. With his effort in the year 1670 in Bombay first judicial system was established.
11. Bombay was divided into two divisions. First Division – comprised Bombay, Mazagaon and Girgaon and 2nd division Mahim, Parel , Sion and Worli and in each division a court consisting of five judges was started with English person as the head of each Court and Indians were also appointed as the judges .
12. Ten Thousand Population - 10 Judges
13. 1 Thousand Population – One Judge
14. Today what is situation in India ?
15. This courts quarterly submitted copies to the Deputy Governors office which were to constitute a superior court.
16. From 1670 – 1672 legal system was very elementary. No one was lawyer .
17. In the year 1672 legal system was reformed and George Wilcox became judge . The court was to have jurisdiction in all cases ,civil ,criminal .
18. The court sit once a week and tried all civil cases with the help of Jury.
19. Provisions were made for the speedy trials and quick decisions by the court .
20. A fee of 5 percent was charged on each case which court tried.
21. For administration of criminal justice .Bombay was divided into 4 divisions ,section
• Bombay
• Mahim
• Mazagaon
• Sion
22. In each section ,An English person was appointed as a justice of peace . He held preliminary examination of the witnesses against an accused and made a record which he sent to the Court which sat once a month to try criminal cases with the help of Jury.
23. The judge was given salary of 2000 Rupees a year . But company did not pay salary to the judge Wilcox and further company started to reduce the salary of judges, so judges will never go against the company top officials. Executives.
24. Reduced Salary – Reduces status
25. This time civil case was decided in 10 to 12 days
26. Justice was very cheap .
27. Debtors were kept in jail until they paid their debt.
28. The law was so strict that even dead body of debtor was kept in jail until relatives paid the debt, this is the reported case of company employee.
29. Jury would be consisted of 12 Englishmen
30. In one criminal case a person accused of witchcraft was sentenced to death
31. In the year 1683 the company judicial system came to an end because of Keigwins rebellion on the Bombay Island and in the year 1684 the Keigwins rebels surrendered the Island to the company .
32. Today it is not important for Indians to know the details of this rebels and their story.
Continued -
Suggested Reading -
Part 5 - Indian Legal History – Administration of Bombay 1684 to 1726
http://realityviews.blogspot.com/2010/03/indian-legal-history-administration-of.html
Sunday, February 28, 2010
Saturday, February 27, 2010
Nothing Rhymed Lyrics with Video by Gilbert O' Sullivan
Nothing Rhymed Lyrics with Video by Gilbert O' Sullivan
If I give up the seat I've been saving
To some elderly lady or man
Am I being a good boy
Am I your pride and joy
Mother please if your pleased say I am
And if while in the course of my duty
I perform an unfortunate take
Would you punish me so, unbelievably so
Never again will I make that mistake
This feeling inside me could never deny me
The right to be wrong if I choose
And this pleasure I get
From say winning a bet
Is to lose
When I'm drinking my Bonaparte Shandy
Eating more than enough apple pies
Will I glance at my screen and see real human beings starve to death
Right in front of my eyes
Nothing old, nothing new, nothing ventured
Nothing gained, nothing still-born or lost,
Nothing further than proof nothing wilder than youth
Nothing older than time, nothing sweeter than wine
Nothing physically, recklessly, hopelessly blind
Nothing I couldn't say
Nothing why 'cos today
Nothing rhymed
This feeling inside me could never deny me
The right to be wrong if I choose,
And this pleasure I get
From say winning a bet
Is to lose
Nothing good, nothing bad, nothing ventured
Nothing gained, nothing still-born or lost,
Nothing further than proof nothing wilder than youth
Nothing older than time, nothing sweeter than wine
Nothing physically, recklessly, hopelessly blind
Nothing I couldn't say
Nothing why 'cos today
Nothing rhymed
Watch the Video Nothing rhymed ( with lyrics ) - Gilbert O' Sullivan, watch the master singing live this song 1971
If I give up the seat I've been saving
To some elderly lady or man
Am I being a good boy
Am I your pride and joy
Mother please if your pleased say I am
And if while in the course of my duty
I perform an unfortunate take
Would you punish me so, unbelievably so
Never again will I make that mistake
This feeling inside me could never deny me
The right to be wrong if I choose
And this pleasure I get
From say winning a bet
Is to lose
When I'm drinking my Bonaparte Shandy
Eating more than enough apple pies
Will I glance at my screen and see real human beings starve to death
Right in front of my eyes
Nothing old, nothing new, nothing ventured
Nothing gained, nothing still-born or lost,
Nothing further than proof nothing wilder than youth
Nothing older than time, nothing sweeter than wine
Nothing physically, recklessly, hopelessly blind
Nothing I couldn't say
Nothing why 'cos today
Nothing rhymed
This feeling inside me could never deny me
The right to be wrong if I choose,
And this pleasure I get
From say winning a bet
Is to lose
Nothing good, nothing bad, nothing ventured
Nothing gained, nothing still-born or lost,
Nothing further than proof nothing wilder than youth
Nothing older than time, nothing sweeter than wine
Nothing physically, recklessly, hopelessly blind
Nothing I couldn't say
Nothing why 'cos today
Nothing rhymed
Watch the Video Nothing rhymed ( with lyrics ) - Gilbert O' Sullivan, watch the master singing live this song 1971
Friday, February 26, 2010
India - 33 Key Features of Budget 2010-2011
India - 33 Key Features of Budget 2010-2011
Reality Views by SM –
1. To make Indian Rich class more Rich
2. Distribution of Black Money should be made easy
3. To correct the working of government system and machinery to further increase the scope of the corruption in Government Departments.
4. Find out the loopholes which expose the corruption , and give those loopholes the status of law, so the loophole is fixed and corruption becomes legal
5. Whatever may happen in India, Indian rich class should not be affected any way.
6. Let people do corruption in infrastructure , to further increase that start new schemes so that the big companies can hide their black side and common Indian will be easily fooled
7. To say we will reduce the price hike and same time increase the prices of oil, petrol and diesel when in International market there is no price hike.
8. A group should be formed which will see that the related companies will make more profits by increase the prices and reducing the prices as per their demands.
9. Private companies should be allowed to do banking business legally with subsidy and incentives to they can hide their business losses and continue to take the big salaries.
10. Rural and cooperative banks which are in losses because of political leaders and government officers should be given more capital so they can run their banks smoothly, will continue to rob the bank for few more years.
11. A new fund will started for clean energy, this fund will be given to the companies owned by the sons and daughters of politicians and government officers.
12. A new fund will be given to few states to preserve their culture of rape, corruption.
13. Ganga river clean fund - should be doubled, as all the money spends in the past years was wasted.
14. Flood management Fund - What happened to the past fund do not know, whenever flood comes poor people get nothing , if you lose your house you will get 2000 rupees to build the new house .
15. Social Sector Fund is increased which will be utilized by political parties to develop their political party workers, especially workers who are in jail.
16. Elementary school funds increased to more schools will be held under the tree.
17. A new fund will be started to check the health status of Indians .The amount will be in few crore rupees for each district .so political parties can spend it on their own political party workers.
18. Rural Development Fund increased so parties can show that fund and attract new workers for their political parties and preservation of vote for the next election.
19. Additional Drought Fund started as after so much corruption also babus are still hungry.
20. To increase the slums in cities more fund is given to reduce to poverty of cities so poor from villages can come to cities and settle their in cities.
21. More Funds increased for the housing schemes for the poor who settle in the cities illegally.
22. Social security fund is started so poor people can drink more wines and liquors and cigarettes and if they become sick they can visit to hospitals.
23. New Pension scheme which is not good for the common man so he rejected that, but as this scheme gives more profits, to keep this scheme alive a fund should be started which will give incentives to the common man who will join this scheme.
24. Funds for literacy increased, doubled, literacy means if you know how to sign you are considered literate.
25. Provision of 100 crore for farmers without any checks to see that farmer gets that money or not. This is a scheme for political workers not actual farmers.
26. New scholarships based on caste and religion to further divide the India, so they can keep enjoying kingdom of India forever, generations after generations.
27. A fund started to plan the ministry affairs, to plan how the corruption be done or should be hidden, how the voice of common man be silenced.
28. A fund should be started to combat with Indian poor people who has taken guns against government because government failed to give them food, shelter and water.
29. A new fund be started to speed up the legal system
30. Introduction of new policy if you earn more, pay less tax. If you earn less you are useless and you does not deserve anything.
31. Introduction of new policy if you are doing government project and if you do not complete it in a given period, you will get extensions with all the benefits, its not crime to delay the government projects.
32. Introduction of new audit system as because of corruption our profits increased and audits will open those frauds so the compulsory audit requirement amount is increased so our earned money is not audited.
33. Government will build all facilities and if company imports goods they will get many exemptions.
IS This Indian Budget for me ?
Reality Views by SM –
1. To make Indian Rich class more Rich
2. Distribution of Black Money should be made easy
3. To correct the working of government system and machinery to further increase the scope of the corruption in Government Departments.
4. Find out the loopholes which expose the corruption , and give those loopholes the status of law, so the loophole is fixed and corruption becomes legal
5. Whatever may happen in India, Indian rich class should not be affected any way.
6. Let people do corruption in infrastructure , to further increase that start new schemes so that the big companies can hide their black side and common Indian will be easily fooled
7. To say we will reduce the price hike and same time increase the prices of oil, petrol and diesel when in International market there is no price hike.
8. A group should be formed which will see that the related companies will make more profits by increase the prices and reducing the prices as per their demands.
9. Private companies should be allowed to do banking business legally with subsidy and incentives to they can hide their business losses and continue to take the big salaries.
10. Rural and cooperative banks which are in losses because of political leaders and government officers should be given more capital so they can run their banks smoothly, will continue to rob the bank for few more years.
11. A new fund will started for clean energy, this fund will be given to the companies owned by the sons and daughters of politicians and government officers.
12. A new fund will be given to few states to preserve their culture of rape, corruption.
13. Ganga river clean fund - should be doubled, as all the money spends in the past years was wasted.
14. Flood management Fund - What happened to the past fund do not know, whenever flood comes poor people get nothing , if you lose your house you will get 2000 rupees to build the new house .
15. Social Sector Fund is increased which will be utilized by political parties to develop their political party workers, especially workers who are in jail.
16. Elementary school funds increased to more schools will be held under the tree.
17. A new fund will be started to check the health status of Indians .The amount will be in few crore rupees for each district .so political parties can spend it on their own political party workers.
18. Rural Development Fund increased so parties can show that fund and attract new workers for their political parties and preservation of vote for the next election.
19. Additional Drought Fund started as after so much corruption also babus are still hungry.
20. To increase the slums in cities more fund is given to reduce to poverty of cities so poor from villages can come to cities and settle their in cities.
21. More Funds increased for the housing schemes for the poor who settle in the cities illegally.
22. Social security fund is started so poor people can drink more wines and liquors and cigarettes and if they become sick they can visit to hospitals.
23. New Pension scheme which is not good for the common man so he rejected that, but as this scheme gives more profits, to keep this scheme alive a fund should be started which will give incentives to the common man who will join this scheme.
24. Funds for literacy increased, doubled, literacy means if you know how to sign you are considered literate.
25. Provision of 100 crore for farmers without any checks to see that farmer gets that money or not. This is a scheme for political workers not actual farmers.
26. New scholarships based on caste and religion to further divide the India, so they can keep enjoying kingdom of India forever, generations after generations.
27. A fund started to plan the ministry affairs, to plan how the corruption be done or should be hidden, how the voice of common man be silenced.
28. A fund should be started to combat with Indian poor people who has taken guns against government because government failed to give them food, shelter and water.
29. A new fund be started to speed up the legal system
30. Introduction of new policy if you earn more, pay less tax. If you earn less you are useless and you does not deserve anything.
31. Introduction of new policy if you are doing government project and if you do not complete it in a given period, you will get extensions with all the benefits, its not crime to delay the government projects.
32. Introduction of new audit system as because of corruption our profits increased and audits will open those frauds so the compulsory audit requirement amount is increased so our earned money is not audited.
33. Government will build all facilities and if company imports goods they will get many exemptions.
IS This Indian Budget for me ?
Tuesday, February 23, 2010
LTTE Finished in Sri Lanka what Minority Tamils Of Sri Lanka Should Do?
LTTE Finished in Sri Lanka what Minority Tamils Of Sri Lanka Should Do? -
Reality Views by sm -
To know more about LTTE please read the following article –
http://realityviews.blogspot.com/2009/05/know-all-about-ltte-velupillai.html
In the year 2005 Mahindra Rajapaka was elected as a president of Sri Lanka for next six years. The Constitution of Sri Lanka allows the president to ask for a fresh election after four years into his first term of office
After Defeating LTTE, Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa decided to hold the fresh elections before expiry of his term in the year 2011.
And the election was held on 26 January 2010 and Mahindra Rajapaksa won the election defeating General Sarath Fonseka, a former commander of the Sri Lankan Army.
Sri Lanka is known as Ceylon and is 31 kilometers of the southern coast of India.
Division of Sri Lankan population 2001 ratio –
1. 73.9% Sinhalese,
2. 12.6% Tamil,
3. 7.4% Moors
4. 5.2% Indian Tamil
5. 0.5% Others
Population of Tamil people in Sri Lanka is in minority and LTTE was fighting for Tamil people.
As LTTE is finished now
What will happen to Tamils in Sri Lanka?
What Indian Government should do?
What Tamils in Sri Lanka should do?
President Mahindra Rajapaksa defeated LTTE Successfully with international support.
Now this is very good opportunity for India to renew the friendship with Sri Lanka.
We hope before china, India will forward friendship and helpful hand towards Sri Lanka to safe guard India.
Today in Sri Lanka Tamil people do not have any strong leader who can lead them politically ,for them situation is very bad , this is not the time to find the past mistakes of LTTE, Now there is no LTTE,
What ever happened happened in the past.
It’s the duty of Sri Lanka government as well as Indian government to see that there is no rebirth of LTTE.
They need our love, support, technology and financial loans with zero interest.
Sri Lanka follows proportional representation for the parliament.
This means Tamil population will also get the representation in the government.
India should not interfere in the internal matters of Sri Lanka but we can help Tamil people of Sri Lanka by giving them support, education, technology and India sponsored scholarships for the Tamil people of Sri Lanka.
But India should not help the revival of LTTE which is dead now.
After many years Sri Lankan people have hope to stay in peace and its duty of India to see that the peace is not destroyed by anyone and for this reason India needs to renew the friendship with Sri Lanka and share the Intel with each other regarding the terror organizations.
Tamils in Lanka should not forget the past and everyone should only say lanka for all
United Sri Lanka for the benefit of all.
The Tamil people should accept the democracy and should fight for the rights as a citizen of Sri Lanka and should see that the people who try to give rebirth to LTTE should not get support.
Human Life is For Peace not war.
Civil war does not happen from one side it is the result of the failure of both sides.
We hope this time Sri Lanka government will not ignore Tamil and other minority population, but they will move forward together peacefully in a democratic way towards progress.
Reality Views by sm -
To know more about LTTE please read the following article –
http://realityviews.blogspot.com/2009/05/know-all-about-ltte-velupillai.html
In the year 2005 Mahindra Rajapaka was elected as a president of Sri Lanka for next six years. The Constitution of Sri Lanka allows the president to ask for a fresh election after four years into his first term of office
After Defeating LTTE, Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa decided to hold the fresh elections before expiry of his term in the year 2011.
And the election was held on 26 January 2010 and Mahindra Rajapaksa won the election defeating General Sarath Fonseka, a former commander of the Sri Lankan Army.
Sri Lanka is known as Ceylon and is 31 kilometers of the southern coast of India.
Division of Sri Lankan population 2001 ratio –
1. 73.9% Sinhalese,
2. 12.6% Tamil,
3. 7.4% Moors
4. 5.2% Indian Tamil
5. 0.5% Others
Population of Tamil people in Sri Lanka is in minority and LTTE was fighting for Tamil people.
As LTTE is finished now
What will happen to Tamils in Sri Lanka?
What Indian Government should do?
What Tamils in Sri Lanka should do?
President Mahindra Rajapaksa defeated LTTE Successfully with international support.
Now this is very good opportunity for India to renew the friendship with Sri Lanka.
We hope before china, India will forward friendship and helpful hand towards Sri Lanka to safe guard India.
Today in Sri Lanka Tamil people do not have any strong leader who can lead them politically ,for them situation is very bad , this is not the time to find the past mistakes of LTTE, Now there is no LTTE,
What ever happened happened in the past.
It’s the duty of Sri Lanka government as well as Indian government to see that there is no rebirth of LTTE.
They need our love, support, technology and financial loans with zero interest.
Sri Lanka follows proportional representation for the parliament.
This means Tamil population will also get the representation in the government.
India should not interfere in the internal matters of Sri Lanka but we can help Tamil people of Sri Lanka by giving them support, education, technology and India sponsored scholarships for the Tamil people of Sri Lanka.
But India should not help the revival of LTTE which is dead now.
After many years Sri Lankan people have hope to stay in peace and its duty of India to see that the peace is not destroyed by anyone and for this reason India needs to renew the friendship with Sri Lanka and share the Intel with each other regarding the terror organizations.
Tamils in Lanka should not forget the past and everyone should only say lanka for all
United Sri Lanka for the benefit of all.
The Tamil people should accept the democracy and should fight for the rights as a citizen of Sri Lanka and should see that the people who try to give rebirth to LTTE should not get support.
Human Life is For Peace not war.
Civil war does not happen from one side it is the result of the failure of both sides.
We hope this time Sri Lanka government will not ignore Tamil and other minority population, but they will move forward together peacefully in a democratic way towards progress.
Karnataka - BJP - Dress Code for Bar Girls what Next?
Karnataka - BJP - Dress Code for Bar Girls what Next?
The BJP government led by the B. S. Yeddyurappa has planned to dress the bar girls ,to fix the dress code for the bar girls as per the Indian culture perceived by the BJP and RSS thinking or inspired by Ram sena chief Pramod Mutalik - a female beater.
So BJP government of Karnataka has decided to fix the dress code for bar girls who serve the drinks in the bar in the state of Karnataka. The state government wants the girls to follow a dress code and has entrusted the task of designing a "decent dress" to a government-run fashion institute in Bangalore.
The government had imposed a ban on live band performances in pubs and bars.
Reality Views by sm -
This is nothing but controlling the fundamental right of bar owners as well as bar girls.
The dress code should be decided by bar girls and the owner of the bar and not the government of Karnataka.
It’s not the duty of Government to control the dress code.
It seems that Karnataka government is inspired by Ram Sena led by the Mutalik.
Pramod Mutalik is person who thinks that he is the protector of Hindu culture and females should obey him and dress like his wishes.
Don’t Know Pramod Mutalik?
Pramod mutalik is a person who has beaten girls in the city of manglore for visiting bar and drinking , he thinks that it is against the Hindu Culture to visit bar and drink.
What Next -
Dress code for Air Hostess?
Dress code for Female Call Center employees?
Dress code for Female Doctors?
Dress Code for Sisters?
Dress Code for Female movie stars?
Dress code for Female collage and school teachers?
Dress code for all Indian Females? [ if win the elections all over India ]
If you are female, remember the importance of voting.
The controlling of females always starts on the name of protection and when female becomes slave of male she her self does not know this.
Below are the 4 dresses from which one will become the future dress code of Karnataka
Bar Girls.
Sunday, February 21, 2010
Indian Legal History Part 3 - 1688 - Madras Mayors Court –
Indian Legal History Part 3 - 1688 - Madras Mayors Court –
Reality Views by sm -
At that time in England there they got London Corporation and they got London mayors court, as per the British Law that time Municipal corporations enjoyed the judicial powers also. Company issued the charter and started Madras Corporation utilizing the powers given by British Crown.
In the year 1687 company established Madras Corporation and Mayors Court was the part of this corporation.
In the year 1686 Madras government levied a house tax on the Madras city population to repair the city wall, but people of Madras, local people did not pay the tax and company faced problems and difficulties to collect the tax.
After this company decided that to make the tax collection easy, a body should be formed consisting of English men as well as local Indian population so it will become easy for the Company officials to collect the tax.
The corporation came into existence on September, 29, 1968 which consisted of a Mayor, 12 Aldermen and from 60 to 120 Burgesses.
It was decided that every year new Mayor will be elected from Aldermen by aldermen and burgesses and retiring Mayor can be reelected by them.
The aldermen and Burgesses got the power to remove the Mayor if he is unable to perform his duties.
Only Englishman can become the Mayor .
The Aldermen hold the office as long as they stayed in Madras city. Indirectly they hold the office for lifelong.
Mayor and Burgesses hold the power to remove the Aldermen from office also if he did not perform well.
Among the Aldermen minimum 3 were required to be British servants of the company and other 9 can belong to any nationality or religion.
The first 12 Aldermen were as follows –
Englishmen – 3
Hindus – 3
Frenchman – 1
Portuguese – 2
Jews and Armenians – 3
The charter appointed 29 Burgesses and then remaining Burgesses were appointed by the Mayor and Aldermen.
Among the first 60 Burgesses, the caste heads were selected as the Burgesses.
This was the nature of First Corporation.
The Mayor and the 3 senior Aldermen were to be the Justices of the peace.
The Mayor and Aldermen were to form a Court of record which was authorized to try civil as well as criminal cases.
This court was known as Mayors Court.
The Mayors court was authorized to give following punishments.
Fine, amercement, imprisonment and corporal punishment.
The convicted persons got right to file appeal at the Admiralty court.
As Mayor and Aldermen did not have legal knowledge the provision was made for the appointment of the Recorder of the court.
He helped the Mayor regarding the cases and he also got the power to vote just like Aldermen.
The recorder of the court was required to be skillful in the law as well as the servant of the company.
The charter appointed the Judge Advocate Sir Biggs as the first Recorder.
Only in the year 1712 the court got power to give death sentence to native people.
The Mayor Court did not follow uniform punishment for the same crime it depend on the judges discretion for this the reason was that the Mayor and his team did not have any legal knowledge.
Sir Biggs got the experience of working as a recorder in the London but here in Madras the problem was that Sir Biggs sat in the Admiralty Court as Judge Advocate where appeals from the Mayors Court were went.
But company ignored this fact.
After the death of Sir Biggs no Recorder was appointed.
Like this in the period of 1686 to 1726 in Madras city 3 Courts functioned.
Mayors Court, Choultry Court and Admiralty Court.
After 1704, Governor and Council heard the appeals from the Mayors court as Admiralty court stop to function.
In this period also the criminals were so long kept in jails that even people forgot the crimes.
Justice system was very slow and no one bothered.
The capital punishment was given by Hanging.
Robbery was punished with Death.
Witchcraft was punished with fine and pillory.
Meaning of the words –
Alderman –
1. A member of the municipal legislative body in a town or city in many jurisdictions.
2. A member of the higher branch of the municipal or borough council in England and Ireland before 1974.
3. one of the senior members of a local council, elected by other councilors
Burgesses –
A magistrate of a borough; generally, the chief officer of the corporation, who performs, within the borough, the same kind of duties which a mayor does in a city. In England, the word is sometimes applied to all the inhabitants of a borough, who are called burgesses sometimes it signifies the representatives of a borough in parliament.
Suggested Reading - Part 4 - Administration of Bombay – Legal system of Bombay 1668 – 1726
http://realityviews.blogspot.com/2010/03/administration-of-bombay-legal-system.html
Reality Views by sm -
At that time in England there they got London Corporation and they got London mayors court, as per the British Law that time Municipal corporations enjoyed the judicial powers also. Company issued the charter and started Madras Corporation utilizing the powers given by British Crown.
In the year 1687 company established Madras Corporation and Mayors Court was the part of this corporation.
In the year 1686 Madras government levied a house tax on the Madras city population to repair the city wall, but people of Madras, local people did not pay the tax and company faced problems and difficulties to collect the tax.
After this company decided that to make the tax collection easy, a body should be formed consisting of English men as well as local Indian population so it will become easy for the Company officials to collect the tax.
The corporation came into existence on September, 29, 1968 which consisted of a Mayor, 12 Aldermen and from 60 to 120 Burgesses.
It was decided that every year new Mayor will be elected from Aldermen by aldermen and burgesses and retiring Mayor can be reelected by them.
The aldermen and Burgesses got the power to remove the Mayor if he is unable to perform his duties.
Only Englishman can become the Mayor .
The Aldermen hold the office as long as they stayed in Madras city. Indirectly they hold the office for lifelong.
Mayor and Burgesses hold the power to remove the Aldermen from office also if he did not perform well.
Among the Aldermen minimum 3 were required to be British servants of the company and other 9 can belong to any nationality or religion.
The first 12 Aldermen were as follows –
Englishmen – 3
Hindus – 3
Frenchman – 1
Portuguese – 2
Jews and Armenians – 3
The charter appointed 29 Burgesses and then remaining Burgesses were appointed by the Mayor and Aldermen.
Among the first 60 Burgesses, the caste heads were selected as the Burgesses.
This was the nature of First Corporation.
The Mayor and the 3 senior Aldermen were to be the Justices of the peace.
The Mayor and Aldermen were to form a Court of record which was authorized to try civil as well as criminal cases.
This court was known as Mayors Court.
The Mayors court was authorized to give following punishments.
Fine, amercement, imprisonment and corporal punishment.
The convicted persons got right to file appeal at the Admiralty court.
As Mayor and Aldermen did not have legal knowledge the provision was made for the appointment of the Recorder of the court.
He helped the Mayor regarding the cases and he also got the power to vote just like Aldermen.
The recorder of the court was required to be skillful in the law as well as the servant of the company.
The charter appointed the Judge Advocate Sir Biggs as the first Recorder.
Only in the year 1712 the court got power to give death sentence to native people.
The Mayor Court did not follow uniform punishment for the same crime it depend on the judges discretion for this the reason was that the Mayor and his team did not have any legal knowledge.
Sir Biggs got the experience of working as a recorder in the London but here in Madras the problem was that Sir Biggs sat in the Admiralty Court as Judge Advocate where appeals from the Mayors Court were went.
But company ignored this fact.
After the death of Sir Biggs no Recorder was appointed.
Like this in the period of 1686 to 1726 in Madras city 3 Courts functioned.
Mayors Court, Choultry Court and Admiralty Court.
After 1704, Governor and Council heard the appeals from the Mayors court as Admiralty court stop to function.
In this period also the criminals were so long kept in jails that even people forgot the crimes.
Justice system was very slow and no one bothered.
The capital punishment was given by Hanging.
Robbery was punished with Death.
Witchcraft was punished with fine and pillory.
Meaning of the words –
Alderman –
1. A member of the municipal legislative body in a town or city in many jurisdictions.
2. A member of the higher branch of the municipal or borough council in England and Ireland before 1974.
3. one of the senior members of a local council, elected by other councilors
Burgesses –
A magistrate of a borough; generally, the chief officer of the corporation, who performs, within the borough, the same kind of duties which a mayor does in a city. In England, the word is sometimes applied to all the inhabitants of a borough, who are called burgesses sometimes it signifies the representatives of a borough in parliament.
Suggested Reading - Part 4 - Administration of Bombay – Legal system of Bombay 1668 – 1726
http://realityviews.blogspot.com/2010/03/administration-of-bombay-legal-system.html
Saturday, February 20, 2010
Lyrics and Video of Zindagi, Kaisi Hai Paheli with English Translation - Anand
Anand is a Hindi movie written and directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee and released in 1970. It starred Amitabh Bachchan, Rajesh Khanna and Sumita Sanyal.
A great song .
Watch the Video Zindagi, Kaisi Hai Paheli by Rajesh khanna as well as Nitin Gadkari below the Hindi ,English lyrics of song Zindagi, Kaisi Hai Paheli
Zindagi kaisi hai paheli haaye
[ What is life , Life is like a puzzle ]
Kabhi to hasaaye kabhi ye rulaaye
[ Which sometimes makes us smile which sometimes makes us cry]
Zindagi kaisi hai paheli haaye
[ What is life , Life is like a puzzle ]
Kabhi to hasaaye kabhi ye rulaaye
[ Which sometimes makes us smile which sometimes makes us cry]
Kabhi dekho man nahi jaage
[ Sometimes heart , soul keeps dreaming , do not wake up ]
Peechhe peechhe sapno ke bhaage
[ Which keeps following the dreams]
Hey hey..
Kabhi dekho man nahi jaage
[ Sometimes heart , soul keeps dreaming , do not wake up ]
Peechhe peechhe sapno ke bhaage
[ Which keeps following the dreams ]
Ek din sapno ka raahi
[ One day the dreamer will ]
Chalaa jaaye sapno se aage kahan
[ Go away beyond the dreams where does the dreamer go ]
Zindagi kaisi hai paheli haaye
[ What is life , Life is like a puzzle ]
Kabhi to hasaaye kabhi ye rulaaye
[ Which sometimes makes us smile which sometimes makes us cry]
Jinhone sajaaye yaha mele
[ The people who organized parties here ]
Sukh dukh sang sang jhele
[ The people who faced, shared happy times as well as sad moments together ]
Jinhone sajaaye yaha mele
[ The people who organized parties here ]
Sukh dukh sang sang jhele
[ The people who faced, shared happy times as well as sad moments together ]
Wahi chunkar khaamoshi
[ Those same people quietly without telling any one ]
Yun chale jaaye akele kahan
[ Where does those people go away alone - talks about death ]
Zindagi kaisi hai paheli haaye
[ What is life , Life is like a puzzle ]
Kabhi to hasaaye kabhi ye rulaaye
[ Which sometimes makes us smile which sometimes makes us cry?]
Watch the Video song Zindagi, Kaisi Hai Paheli from movie Anand
Watch the video Nitin Gadkari new BJP President singing song Zindagi, Kaisi Hai Paheli from movie Anand
A great song .
Watch the Video Zindagi, Kaisi Hai Paheli by Rajesh khanna as well as Nitin Gadkari below the Hindi ,English lyrics of song Zindagi, Kaisi Hai Paheli
Zindagi kaisi hai paheli haaye
[ What is life , Life is like a puzzle ]
Kabhi to hasaaye kabhi ye rulaaye
[ Which sometimes makes us smile which sometimes makes us cry]
Zindagi kaisi hai paheli haaye
[ What is life , Life is like a puzzle ]
Kabhi to hasaaye kabhi ye rulaaye
[ Which sometimes makes us smile which sometimes makes us cry]
Kabhi dekho man nahi jaage
[ Sometimes heart , soul keeps dreaming , do not wake up ]
Peechhe peechhe sapno ke bhaage
[ Which keeps following the dreams]
Hey hey..
Kabhi dekho man nahi jaage
[ Sometimes heart , soul keeps dreaming , do not wake up ]
Peechhe peechhe sapno ke bhaage
[ Which keeps following the dreams ]
Ek din sapno ka raahi
[ One day the dreamer will ]
Chalaa jaaye sapno se aage kahan
[ Go away beyond the dreams where does the dreamer go ]
Zindagi kaisi hai paheli haaye
[ What is life , Life is like a puzzle ]
Kabhi to hasaaye kabhi ye rulaaye
[ Which sometimes makes us smile which sometimes makes us cry]
Jinhone sajaaye yaha mele
[ The people who organized parties here ]
Sukh dukh sang sang jhele
[ The people who faced, shared happy times as well as sad moments together ]
Jinhone sajaaye yaha mele
[ The people who organized parties here ]
Sukh dukh sang sang jhele
[ The people who faced, shared happy times as well as sad moments together ]
Wahi chunkar khaamoshi
[ Those same people quietly without telling any one ]
Yun chale jaaye akele kahan
[ Where does those people go away alone - talks about death ]
Zindagi kaisi hai paheli haaye
[ What is life , Life is like a puzzle ]
Kabhi to hasaaye kabhi ye rulaaye
[ Which sometimes makes us smile which sometimes makes us cry?]
Watch the Video song Zindagi, Kaisi Hai Paheli from movie Anand
Watch the video Nitin Gadkari new BJP President singing song Zindagi, Kaisi Hai Paheli from movie Anand
Friday, February 19, 2010
India - Know 50 Indian Asian ways, Traditions and Customs
India - Know 50 Indian Asian ways, Traditions and Customs –
Reality Views by sm -
A Journey of our traditions and customs. A journey of our morals.
Which morals you talk about it. From what are we running from?
1. If male rapes a female she is responsible
2. Dog and animals are superior to females.
3. 1 male witness is equal to 4 female witnesses.
4. Female should not go outside of the home alone; females can not freely travel at night time. Many cities liberated families also request daughters please do not go outside as it’s not safe. Our morals and values are so high why do they fear?
5. Females are not allowed to study, read or hear mantras.
6. Females have to commit suicide if her husband dies.
7. Hairs of the females should be cut if husband dies
8. Human is not equal to human .Few humans are born from leg so they are not human and they being treated like animals. Even animals are superior to those humans.
9. Females should not enter the temples or mosque, worshipping places.
10. It’s right to beat the females.
11. When wife dies a husband should marry before the one year.
12. It’s ok to if an older male marries 8 or 9 year old girl.
13. If a barber says your wife has lost character immediately husband throws her out of home.
14. For property brother does not hesitate to kill the brother or father.
15. We need to make the laws so son will take care of his father and mother.
16. A female is not entitled to share in the property of father and mother.
17. A female is killed in the womb of mother.
18. When female child is born today also parents kill her.
19. If female is found talking with other boys, brothers and fathers do not hesitate to kill her.
20. A female is considered a curse on the family.
21. Even Male Gods rape the females.
22. When female are raped husbands also held her responsible she is responsible.
23. Females should always cover there body.
24. After marriage if there is no blood on first night she is considered as characterless female and she is thrown out of home.
25. A male can sex with n number of females, but she is not allowed to even glance. For a glance or thought after that she becomes and considered as characterless female.
26. When in a crowed bus, when males touch the private parts of females, all the males enjoy it.
27. Its tradition to parade the females naked for a petty offence, majority times no offence.
28. On the name of God, whole village has sex with her.
29. Female is considered as property of husband.
30. Female is considered and treated as a baby making machine, a cow producing human babies.
31. Its duty of the female to produce son for the family. If she does not give the son baby boy, immediately husband gets the right to marry 2nd time.
32. A sister is kept hungry and brother is given milk and sweets
33. A sister is kept uneducated and brother who keeps failing exams is provided unlimited money for his education.
34. To get admission in the school, we do not feel ashamed to pay bribe.
35. To purchase the flat we pay black money, we do not feel ashamed.
36. To get the job in government office we pay bribe.
37. To get the certificate we pay bribe.
38. Millions of Indians do not get food daily, we do not care.
39. Villages do not have electricity and water we do not care.
40. Villages do not have medical facilities we do not care.
41. Farmers commit suicide we do not care.
42. When girl is young she should obey father and brother, when she is married she should obey her husband. Husband is her God; he may kick her or abuse her.
43. If father of bride does not give money, a female, a wife is burned alive.
44. When female is paraded naked in the village, whole village enjoys the event.
45. Do not hesitate to throw the babies from the heights.
46. A female is considered characterless if she uses western clothes on the other hand all males already forgot traditional dress and still want female should be in saris.
47. Wearing a Jeans is considered as invitation for rape.
48.In Majority shops porn DVDs and movies are available and they say we do not watch porn.
49. This is a land where water and milk was given free of cost, where is culture.
50. Never read Vedas never learn our Sanskrit language, they say we know our culture. We know everything and Few even say we are protectors of Hindu Culture.
Today where are we standing?
Reality Views by sm -
A Journey of our traditions and customs. A journey of our morals.
Which morals you talk about it. From what are we running from?
1. If male rapes a female she is responsible
2. Dog and animals are superior to females.
3. 1 male witness is equal to 4 female witnesses.
4. Female should not go outside of the home alone; females can not freely travel at night time. Many cities liberated families also request daughters please do not go outside as it’s not safe. Our morals and values are so high why do they fear?
5. Females are not allowed to study, read or hear mantras.
6. Females have to commit suicide if her husband dies.
7. Hairs of the females should be cut if husband dies
8. Human is not equal to human .Few humans are born from leg so they are not human and they being treated like animals. Even animals are superior to those humans.
9. Females should not enter the temples or mosque, worshipping places.
10. It’s right to beat the females.
11. When wife dies a husband should marry before the one year.
12. It’s ok to if an older male marries 8 or 9 year old girl.
13. If a barber says your wife has lost character immediately husband throws her out of home.
14. For property brother does not hesitate to kill the brother or father.
15. We need to make the laws so son will take care of his father and mother.
16. A female is not entitled to share in the property of father and mother.
17. A female is killed in the womb of mother.
18. When female child is born today also parents kill her.
19. If female is found talking with other boys, brothers and fathers do not hesitate to kill her.
20. A female is considered a curse on the family.
21. Even Male Gods rape the females.
22. When female are raped husbands also held her responsible she is responsible.
23. Females should always cover there body.
24. After marriage if there is no blood on first night she is considered as characterless female and she is thrown out of home.
25. A male can sex with n number of females, but she is not allowed to even glance. For a glance or thought after that she becomes and considered as characterless female.
26. When in a crowed bus, when males touch the private parts of females, all the males enjoy it.
27. Its tradition to parade the females naked for a petty offence, majority times no offence.
28. On the name of God, whole village has sex with her.
29. Female is considered as property of husband.
30. Female is considered and treated as a baby making machine, a cow producing human babies.
31. Its duty of the female to produce son for the family. If she does not give the son baby boy, immediately husband gets the right to marry 2nd time.
32. A sister is kept hungry and brother is given milk and sweets
33. A sister is kept uneducated and brother who keeps failing exams is provided unlimited money for his education.
34. To get admission in the school, we do not feel ashamed to pay bribe.
35. To purchase the flat we pay black money, we do not feel ashamed.
36. To get the job in government office we pay bribe.
37. To get the certificate we pay bribe.
38. Millions of Indians do not get food daily, we do not care.
39. Villages do not have electricity and water we do not care.
40. Villages do not have medical facilities we do not care.
41. Farmers commit suicide we do not care.
42. When girl is young she should obey father and brother, when she is married she should obey her husband. Husband is her God; he may kick her or abuse her.
43. If father of bride does not give money, a female, a wife is burned alive.
44. When female is paraded naked in the village, whole village enjoys the event.
45. Do not hesitate to throw the babies from the heights.
46. A female is considered characterless if she uses western clothes on the other hand all males already forgot traditional dress and still want female should be in saris.
47. Wearing a Jeans is considered as invitation for rape.
48.In Majority shops porn DVDs and movies are available and they say we do not watch porn.
49. This is a land where water and milk was given free of cost, where is culture.
50. Never read Vedas never learn our Sanskrit language, they say we know our culture. We know everything and Few even say we are protectors of Hindu Culture.
Today where are we standing?
Saturday, February 13, 2010
Terrorist Target Pune – Blast at German Bakery Kills 9 ,Wounds 45
Terrorist Target Pune – Blast at German Bakery Kills 9 ,Wounds 45
Reality Views by sm -
One more time Terrorist attack on India. This times its Pune the education city of India.
On 13th Feb 2010, evening time near about 7.15 pm terrorist made a blast at German Bakery and the blast killed 9 persons and injured 45.
The injured were admitted to Sassoon Hospital, Jehangir Hospital, Ruby Hall, and Inlaks Budhrani hospitals.
The 22-year-old German bakery is popular with foreigners and is located near the Osho Commune, Ashram in Koregaon Park., with this blast it clearly shows the intention that terrorist wanted to kill Indians as well as foreign people.
The blast occurred when an unidentified bag was being opened by someone and police have found another bag with RDX.
It is reported that in this blast at least 5-7 kgs of explosives were triggered off by an improvised explosive device (IE), similar to the types used in the Mumbai serial blasts few years back.
Investigators from the Army’s bomb disposal squad said it appears that a battery-operated improvised explosive device had been used.
Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) militant David Headley had surveyed the areas near the German bakery in Pune, where a blast occurred.
The Jewish Prayer Centre is situated around 200 meters away from the German Bakery that was shattered in the blast but no Israeli national is dead or injured.
No group has yet taken responsibility for the attack,
Who is the criminal is not important question , he may be Indian or he may be Pakistani
Important question is
Why again and again India fails to stop terrorist attack?
Why India has to face terror attack one after another?
If one will sleep and keep the doors of locker room open
What will happen?
A bomb blast
So who is more responsible for the theft the sleeping person or thief
The government or the terrorist
Below are the photos of the Pune German Bakery Bomb blast -
Reality Views by sm -
One more time Terrorist attack on India. This times its Pune the education city of India.
On 13th Feb 2010, evening time near about 7.15 pm terrorist made a blast at German Bakery and the blast killed 9 persons and injured 45.
The injured were admitted to Sassoon Hospital, Jehangir Hospital, Ruby Hall, and Inlaks Budhrani hospitals.
The 22-year-old German bakery is popular with foreigners and is located near the Osho Commune, Ashram in Koregaon Park., with this blast it clearly shows the intention that terrorist wanted to kill Indians as well as foreign people.
The blast occurred when an unidentified bag was being opened by someone and police have found another bag with RDX.
It is reported that in this blast at least 5-7 kgs of explosives were triggered off by an improvised explosive device (IE), similar to the types used in the Mumbai serial blasts few years back.
Investigators from the Army’s bomb disposal squad said it appears that a battery-operated improvised explosive device had been used.
Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) militant David Headley had surveyed the areas near the German bakery in Pune, where a blast occurred.
The Jewish Prayer Centre is situated around 200 meters away from the German Bakery that was shattered in the blast but no Israeli national is dead or injured.
No group has yet taken responsibility for the attack,
Who is the criminal is not important question , he may be Indian or he may be Pakistani
Important question is
Why again and again India fails to stop terrorist attack?
Why India has to face terror attack one after another?
If one will sleep and keep the doors of locker room open
What will happen?
A bomb blast
So who is more responsible for the theft the sleeping person or thief
The government or the terrorist
Below are the photos of the Pune German Bakery Bomb blast -
Immigration Policy – Invited Danger or Boon
Immigration Policy – Invited Danger or Boon -
Reality Views by sm -
From olden times humans are always traveling places for good life and good food.
In ancient times anyone was free to go anywhere and stay there, those times were different.
Now in this Global village Immigration is a legal way to settle in a new better country.
Immigration is a process to move from low class, 3rd class nation to the First class nation. high class nation.
So it is duty of every country to see that only eligible, good humans come and stay in that progressive high class nation.
Today this Globe is divided into 3 thoughts and visions,
1. Democratic - full freedom of humans ,
2. Limited democratic freedoms
3. complete religious ideology
Democratic - full freedom of humans-
If first category humans go to anywhere in this world they do not harm the local culture or the democratic values. They believe in the principal that if you are in Rome, be Roman.
2nd category and 3rd category people when come to settle in any nations they can become harmful to the nation.
Limited democratic freedoms -
2nd category people accept Limited Democracy and try to balance religion and Democracy, but problem in this category people is that these people can any time become the extreme people, religious people and cause damage to the nation or start to divide the nation in the name of Religious rights, caste and religion.
Complete religious ideology-
And 3rd category people give birth to the Taliban. For them religion is important than constitution, peace or human joy. They are not ready to sacrifice their religion, caste for the human peace and joy or the constitution of that nation.
So it is the duty of every person to see that Government, law makers do not allow 3rd category people to settle in their respective nation.
Even each government should see that 2nd category and 3rd category people do not come to their state through immigration.
Immigration is a process through which a nation invites, gives a right to person from low class nation to settle in their high class nation when he comes to settle in high class nation that person not only brings his education and skills but he brings his thinking, his ideology with him which in future will damage the high class nation if he belongs to the 3rd category of person, and 2nd category person is a potential danger.
Prevention is better than cure.
So high class nations should make such laws,such a immigration policy that only category one, full democratic people should settle permanently in their High class nation.
Even on the name of education and skills or for the higher studies the governments should not allow 3rd category persons to settle or visit their high class nations.
The solution is for studies or education Scholarships only female students should be allowed or given visa.
Normally in all 3rd class or low class nations, a female child is considered as a burden and parents are not ready to teach them, send them to schools, collages and higher education
So high class nations should make a law and only invite female students for studies in their high class nation which will reduce crime rate as well as those females will when return to their low class nations they can try and empower the other females of that nation and this may help change the ideology of low class nation ,
Where female is considered as a burden and just cow, producing babies.
Time has not lost; Change Immigration Policy otherwise Wrong Immigrants Will Change your Culture and Only Damage will be done to the higher class nation Females.
Females should never forget
Every Religion is against them as well as freedoms.
Reality Views by sm -
From olden times humans are always traveling places for good life and good food.
In ancient times anyone was free to go anywhere and stay there, those times were different.
Now in this Global village Immigration is a legal way to settle in a new better country.
Immigration is a process to move from low class, 3rd class nation to the First class nation. high class nation.
So it is duty of every country to see that only eligible, good humans come and stay in that progressive high class nation.
Today this Globe is divided into 3 thoughts and visions,
1. Democratic - full freedom of humans ,
2. Limited democratic freedoms
3. complete religious ideology
Democratic - full freedom of humans-
If first category humans go to anywhere in this world they do not harm the local culture or the democratic values. They believe in the principal that if you are in Rome, be Roman.
2nd category and 3rd category people when come to settle in any nations they can become harmful to the nation.
Limited democratic freedoms -
2nd category people accept Limited Democracy and try to balance religion and Democracy, but problem in this category people is that these people can any time become the extreme people, religious people and cause damage to the nation or start to divide the nation in the name of Religious rights, caste and religion.
Complete religious ideology-
And 3rd category people give birth to the Taliban. For them religion is important than constitution, peace or human joy. They are not ready to sacrifice their religion, caste for the human peace and joy or the constitution of that nation.
So it is the duty of every person to see that Government, law makers do not allow 3rd category people to settle in their respective nation.
Even each government should see that 2nd category and 3rd category people do not come to their state through immigration.
Immigration is a process through which a nation invites, gives a right to person from low class nation to settle in their high class nation when he comes to settle in high class nation that person not only brings his education and skills but he brings his thinking, his ideology with him which in future will damage the high class nation if he belongs to the 3rd category of person, and 2nd category person is a potential danger.
Prevention is better than cure.
So high class nations should make such laws,such a immigration policy that only category one, full democratic people should settle permanently in their High class nation.
Even on the name of education and skills or for the higher studies the governments should not allow 3rd category persons to settle or visit their high class nations.
The solution is for studies or education Scholarships only female students should be allowed or given visa.
Normally in all 3rd class or low class nations, a female child is considered as a burden and parents are not ready to teach them, send them to schools, collages and higher education
So high class nations should make a law and only invite female students for studies in their high class nation which will reduce crime rate as well as those females will when return to their low class nations they can try and empower the other females of that nation and this may help change the ideology of low class nation ,
Where female is considered as a burden and just cow, producing babies.
Time has not lost; Change Immigration Policy otherwise Wrong Immigrants Will Change your Culture and Only Damage will be done to the higher class nation Females.
Females should never forget
Every Religion is against them as well as freedoms.
Tuesday, February 9, 2010
India - Agni Missile III Ready For Induction in Indian Army
Reality Views by sm -
India - Agni Missile III Ready For Induction in Indian Army –
Agni Means Fire
Agni Missile is developed under the IGMDP Integrated Guided Missile Development Program which is started by Government of India in the year 1980 is managed by DRDO.
DRDO - Defense Research and Development Organization.
The main purpose of the IGMDP program was to develop a missile in the following categories.
1. a short-range surface-to-air missile (codenamed Trishul),
2. a medium-range surface-to-air missile (codenamed Akash),
3. a third-generation anti-tank guided missile (codenamed Nag),
4. a short-range surface-to-surface missile (codenamed Prithvi),
5. An intermediate-range surface-to-surface missile (codenamed Agni).
6. a ballistic missile (codenamed Sagarika)
7. An inter-continental-ballistic-missile (codenamed Surya) range 12,000 km.
Agni Missile is an IRBM type of missile. Pakistan also has this type of missile named as
Ghauri-III (3,500 km) and Shaheen-III (4,500 km)
IRBM - An intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) is a ballistic missile with a range of 3,000-5,500 km (1,865-3,420 miles)
1. Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM)
2. Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM)
3. Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) range above 5000km
4. long-range ballistic missile (LRBM)
The Agni I has a range of 700–800 km (SRBM)
Agni-II as a range of 2,000–2,500 km. (MRBM)
Agni III has a range of 3500 upto 5000 km (IRBM)
Agni V will have range 5000 to 6000 km Agni 5 is sometimes refereed as Agni III star.
Agni V will be in ICBM category which is designed for nuclear weapons delivery which can carry one or more nuclear warheads.
Does India will make Agni 4 missile ?
Does India will make Agni 6 missile ?
From Agni III DRDO jumped now there will not be any Agni 4 missile but Agni V.
Also there will not be any Agni 6 missile as Agni V is IRBM missile with the 5000 km range, and when the range is above 5000 km a missile becomes Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) range above 5000km.
With the Agni III missile now India got the power to hit in the heart at Pakistan or china .Agni III can hit Beijing and Shanghai.
Our a short-range surface-to-surface missile (codenamed Prithvi) is also capable to target and hit Pakistan.
Agni missile III and V are mainly develop to control the rising military power of china .
It is reported that Agni III has nearly achieved the accuracy to hit the enemy target, the circular error probable CEP lies in the range of 40 meters.
As Agni III success is a great achievement but problem with the Agni III is that it will not destroy more than one or two buildings when it will hit the enemy target.
India needs to work fast on the Agni V as well as Surya missile.
The Agni-V will bring the whole of Asia, 70% of Europe and other regions under its strike range.
Agni-V will be able to carry multiple warheads and will have countermeasures against Anti-ballistic missile systems.
Now Agni III is ready to be inducted in Indian army after the success of fourth test fire.
Agni III Brief Information –
1. Manufacturer - Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL)
2. Unit cost -Rs 250-350 million (INR) or $ 5.6-7.9 million (USD)
3. Weight - 55,000 kg
4. Length – 17m
5. Diameter – 2.0m
6. Warhead – Strategic nuclear 15kt to 250 KT
It is expected that in December 2010 or in the month of January 2011 India may test fire Agni 5 which will have range of more than 5000km and which will be able to
Target China's northernmost city of Harbin, Harbin is the capital of China's Heilongjiang Province.
Agni V is very travel friendly, road mobile, will be transported quickly from one place to another
Sunday, February 7, 2010
Nothings Gonna Change My Love For You Lyrics and Video – by George Benson
Nothings Gonna Change My Love For You Lyrics and Video – by George Benson -
The original song is sung by first time in the year 1984 by George Benson and later the year 1987 Glenn Medeiros made a cover of this song with a music video and the song became worldwide hit and got the status of classic song.
Info about Song – soft, romantic mood changing , valentine day song
Below are the lyrics of song - Nothings Gonna Change My Love For You, watch video of the song below the lyrics. –
If I had to live without you near me
The days would all be empty
The nights would seem so long
With you I see forever oh, so clearly
I might have been in love before
But it never felt this strong
Our dreams are young and we both know
They’ll take us where we want to go
Hold me now, touch me now
I don’t want to live without you.
Chorus 1
Nothings gonna change my love for you
You ought to know by now how much I love you
One thing you can be sure of
I will never ask for more than your love.
Chorus 2
Nothings gonna change my love for you
You ought to know by now how much I love you
The world may change my whole life through but
nothings gonna change my love for you.
If the road ahead is not so easy
Our love will lead the way for us like a guiding star
I will be there for you if you should need me
You don’t have to change a thing
I love you just the way you are.
So come with me and share this view
Ill help you see forever too
Hold me now, touch me now
I don’t want to live without you.
Nothings gonna change my love for you
You oughta know by now how much I love you
One thing you can be sure of
I will never ask for more than your love.
Nothings gonna change my love for you
You ought to know by now how much I love you
The world may change my whole life through but
nothings gonna change my love for you. and
Chorus 1 again
INSTRUMENTAL
Chorus 2, Chorus 1, and Chorus 2 again
Watch the original video by George Benson - Nothing's Gonna Change
Watch the video by Glenn Mederios - nothing gonna change my love for you
The original song is sung by first time in the year 1984 by George Benson and later the year 1987 Glenn Medeiros made a cover of this song with a music video and the song became worldwide hit and got the status of classic song.
Info about Song – soft, romantic mood changing , valentine day song
Below are the lyrics of song - Nothings Gonna Change My Love For You, watch video of the song below the lyrics. –
If I had to live without you near me
The days would all be empty
The nights would seem so long
With you I see forever oh, so clearly
I might have been in love before
But it never felt this strong
Our dreams are young and we both know
They’ll take us where we want to go
Hold me now, touch me now
I don’t want to live without you.
Chorus 1
Nothings gonna change my love for you
You ought to know by now how much I love you
One thing you can be sure of
I will never ask for more than your love.
Chorus 2
Nothings gonna change my love for you
You ought to know by now how much I love you
The world may change my whole life through but
nothings gonna change my love for you.
If the road ahead is not so easy
Our love will lead the way for us like a guiding star
I will be there for you if you should need me
You don’t have to change a thing
I love you just the way you are.
So come with me and share this view
Ill help you see forever too
Hold me now, touch me now
I don’t want to live without you.
Nothings gonna change my love for you
You oughta know by now how much I love you
One thing you can be sure of
I will never ask for more than your love.
Nothings gonna change my love for you
You ought to know by now how much I love you
The world may change my whole life through but
nothings gonna change my love for you. and
Chorus 1 again
INSTRUMENTAL
Chorus 2, Chorus 1, and Chorus 2 again
Watch the original video by George Benson - Nothing's Gonna Change
Watch the video by Glenn Mederios - nothing gonna change my love for you
Saturday, February 6, 2010
Know the Indian Legal History – Part Two
Know the Indian Legal History – Part Two -
When Company started its business with East India, that time also in Europe, British, Spanish, Dutch and Portugal all were fighting with each other regarding the business, as well as to keep control over the sea.
Read more »
Thursday, February 4, 2010
India - Shah Rukh Khan, SRK Dares - Shiv Sena Vs My Name Is Khan
India - Shah Rukh Khan, SRK Dares - Shiv Sena Vs My Name Is Khan -
Reality Views by sm -
No one has expected that SRK, Shahrukh khan will challenge Shivsena a political party to whom everyone fears and tries to stay away from them and do immediately as ordered by Shiv Sena .
India is a democratic nation, so everyone has a right to say what ever he or she thinks or believes, then it may be right or wrong it does not matter until that statement does not defame someone or threaten someone.
Democracy does not mean that one can threaten any one openly and proudly through print media, electronic media not once but again and again.
In India I always say we do not have democracy, we got mob rule in India.
SRK is the owner of IPL cricket team Kolkata Knight Riders.
Recently IPL hold the auction of cricket players, and no one purchased the Pakistani cricket player.
After that SRK commented over involving Pakistani cricketers in the Indian Premier League,
After this all controversy started, as Shivsena ordered SRK to say sorry, and apologize for his comments regarding Pakistani player’s inclusion in IPL 3.
Unexpectedly something different happened and
SRK dared, shivsena by openly declaring that He has not made any mistake, he will not say sorry.
On 12th February 2010 a movie named as my name is Khan is releasing in which SRK is the main actor.
Shiv Sena has warned to SRK that if he does not say sorry, Shiv Sena will not allow the screening of movie my name is khan.
Sanjay Raut , the Shiv Sena party member said that , let SRK make this statement in Mumbai city , they said that this is not SRK speaking but the Khan is speaking , khan is speaking.
Further They said that the home of SRK is in Mumbai and not in Pakistan.
Even Shiv Sena has told multiplex not to screen or show the movie , and people have already seen the effect in Mumbai city as majority Multiplex owners removed the posters of My name is Khan and thinking that not to show the SRK movie My name is khan in their multiplex to save the multiplex from damage.
Reality Views by sm -
India is a poor country and 80% Indians earn daily only half American dollar, we got many problems but in India now political parties will make SRK controversy a big issue, media and everyone will spend many hours daily discussing who said what and what SRK said.
In the end result is zero,no one will get nothing only Movie will make the profits and media owners will make profits.
SRK will say sorry to shivsena or India and suddenly we will get the news that SRK and shivsena solved their problem and movie is releasing.
In the year 2004 Shiv Sena invited Pakistani Cricket Player Javed Miandad, who is the relative of Bombay blast main accused Dawood Ibrahim.
Javed Miandad’s son married the daughter of Dawood Ibrahim one of the most wanted criminal in India.
Before the year 2004 India has seen many terror attacks from Pakistani Terrorist including Kargil war.
Why Double Standards ?
Normally I try to avoid writing about this type of marketing tricks, now after this controversy what will happen ,
Suppose in Maharashtra , movie MY Name is khan , is not shown what will happen ?
No one will suffer any financial losses, as SRK is very popular in India, England and USA as well as Muslim nations
The SRK controversy has nothing to do with the movie , so do not be fooled and think that My name is Khan , movie has to do something with this controversy.
Without any reason , Shivsena is targeting the My name is Khan movie,
Shiv sena is angred regarding the comment of SRK and pakistani cricket players, about IPL cricket then it is natural that they should boycott or threaten the IPL matches and SRK owned IPL team but not the movie My name is Khan.
Why this type of controversies now and then happen in India ?
Currently In India we got many laws to stop this type of controversies ,
but reality is that those all the laws are useless and even if Shivsena members are arrested they will come out of jail in few hours and will celebrate and do the harm which they say will do it.
India need good laws, which will create the fear in the eyes and minds of criminal people.
But Indian laws are so good that in India every honest person is afraid of police and judiciary.
Last question -
Does SRK will say sorry to Shiv Sena before the 12 the February 2010 and will prove that SRK and Shiv Sena controversy was nothing but a marketing trick or SRK will fight for Freedom of speech with Shiv Sena.
Which until now in India no one has dared, even if someone dares we know in the end without any judicial result both parties become friends or forget the problem.
If this happens , other thing will happen ,
It will help the Rise of MNS .
Below is the Photo showing Raj Thackeray, Udhav Thackeray, former Pakistan cricket captain Javed Miandad, Shiv Sena supremo Bal Thackeray
Update 7th Feb 2010 -
SRK returned to Bombay from visit to the US and Britain Saturday after promoting 'My Name Is Khan' with director Karan Johar and actress Kajol which is releasing all over world on 12th February.
Now Shivsena has declared that they do not have any objection with movie my name is khan. And SRK commented that if Shiv Sena Chief orders him to visit his home, SRK will go their and explain him the matter.
Was it Marketing Trick to Promote My name is Khan
in this controversy, MNS benefited, Movie Benefited , only Shiv Sena did not get any benefit from this controversy.
Update 10th February 10, 2010 Shiv Sena Vs My name is Khan vs SRK
First Shiv Sena said they will oppose, later Shiv Sena said that it will not oppose the screening of my name is Khan
"Let Shah Rukh release the film with the blessings of the Italian woman (Sonia Gandhi) and Yuvraj (Rahul Gandhi) without any protection and let it run in any theatre anywhere in the country. Sena will not oppose it," Sena chief BAL Thackeray said in an editorial in party mouthpiece 'Saamana'.
One of the Ministers Shared Pawar visited Shiv Sena to request them not to oppose IPL
After this now again Shiv Sena has taken U turn and declared that they will not allow any one to screen the movie my name is Khan.
After this Shiv Sena party members attacked and damaged the booking windows of the Mehul Theatre and Shreyas theatre.
Now Shiv Sena has clearly challenged the Chief Minister of Maharashtra as well as Mumbai police.
For security reasons Mumbai Police have arrested more than 300 Shiv Sena party workers.
This time BJP party has seen the movie my name is khan before its release
Again our Indian laws fail to create fear in the eyes of law breakers.
India is ruled by mob rule not by the democracy.
Does Sharad Pawar give Shiv Sena new life and new power?
The visit of Rahul Gandhi proved that if Mumbai police is given freedom they can do wonders with our law and order system
Reality Views by sm -
No one has expected that SRK, Shahrukh khan will challenge Shivsena a political party to whom everyone fears and tries to stay away from them and do immediately as ordered by Shiv Sena .
India is a democratic nation, so everyone has a right to say what ever he or she thinks or believes, then it may be right or wrong it does not matter until that statement does not defame someone or threaten someone.
Democracy does not mean that one can threaten any one openly and proudly through print media, electronic media not once but again and again.
In India I always say we do not have democracy, we got mob rule in India.
SRK is the owner of IPL cricket team Kolkata Knight Riders.
Recently IPL hold the auction of cricket players, and no one purchased the Pakistani cricket player.
After that SRK commented over involving Pakistani cricketers in the Indian Premier League,
After this all controversy started, as Shivsena ordered SRK to say sorry, and apologize for his comments regarding Pakistani player’s inclusion in IPL 3.
Unexpectedly something different happened and
SRK dared, shivsena by openly declaring that He has not made any mistake, he will not say sorry.
On 12th February 2010 a movie named as my name is Khan is releasing in which SRK is the main actor.
Shiv Sena has warned to SRK that if he does not say sorry, Shiv Sena will not allow the screening of movie my name is khan.
Sanjay Raut , the Shiv Sena party member said that , let SRK make this statement in Mumbai city , they said that this is not SRK speaking but the Khan is speaking , khan is speaking.
Further They said that the home of SRK is in Mumbai and not in Pakistan.
Even Shiv Sena has told multiplex not to screen or show the movie , and people have already seen the effect in Mumbai city as majority Multiplex owners removed the posters of My name is Khan and thinking that not to show the SRK movie My name is khan in their multiplex to save the multiplex from damage.
Reality Views by sm -
India is a poor country and 80% Indians earn daily only half American dollar, we got many problems but in India now political parties will make SRK controversy a big issue, media and everyone will spend many hours daily discussing who said what and what SRK said.
In the end result is zero,no one will get nothing only Movie will make the profits and media owners will make profits.
SRK will say sorry to shivsena or India and suddenly we will get the news that SRK and shivsena solved their problem and movie is releasing.
In the year 2004 Shiv Sena invited Pakistani Cricket Player Javed Miandad, who is the relative of Bombay blast main accused Dawood Ibrahim.
Javed Miandad’s son married the daughter of Dawood Ibrahim one of the most wanted criminal in India.
Before the year 2004 India has seen many terror attacks from Pakistani Terrorist including Kargil war.
Why Double Standards ?
Normally I try to avoid writing about this type of marketing tricks, now after this controversy what will happen ,
Suppose in Maharashtra , movie MY Name is khan , is not shown what will happen ?
No one will suffer any financial losses, as SRK is very popular in India, England and USA as well as Muslim nations
The SRK controversy has nothing to do with the movie , so do not be fooled and think that My name is Khan , movie has to do something with this controversy.
Without any reason , Shivsena is targeting the My name is Khan movie,
Shiv sena is angred regarding the comment of SRK and pakistani cricket players, about IPL cricket then it is natural that they should boycott or threaten the IPL matches and SRK owned IPL team but not the movie My name is Khan.
Why this type of controversies now and then happen in India ?
Currently In India we got many laws to stop this type of controversies ,
but reality is that those all the laws are useless and even if Shivsena members are arrested they will come out of jail in few hours and will celebrate and do the harm which they say will do it.
India need good laws, which will create the fear in the eyes and minds of criminal people.
But Indian laws are so good that in India every honest person is afraid of police and judiciary.
Last question -
Does SRK will say sorry to Shiv Sena before the 12 the February 2010 and will prove that SRK and Shiv Sena controversy was nothing but a marketing trick or SRK will fight for Freedom of speech with Shiv Sena.
Which until now in India no one has dared, even if someone dares we know in the end without any judicial result both parties become friends or forget the problem.
If this happens , other thing will happen ,
It will help the Rise of MNS .
Below is the Photo showing Raj Thackeray, Udhav Thackeray, former Pakistan cricket captain Javed Miandad, Shiv Sena supremo Bal Thackeray
Update 7th Feb 2010 -
SRK returned to Bombay from visit to the US and Britain Saturday after promoting 'My Name Is Khan' with director Karan Johar and actress Kajol which is releasing all over world on 12th February.
Now Shivsena has declared that they do not have any objection with movie my name is khan. And SRK commented that if Shiv Sena Chief orders him to visit his home, SRK will go their and explain him the matter.
Was it Marketing Trick to Promote My name is Khan
in this controversy, MNS benefited, Movie Benefited , only Shiv Sena did not get any benefit from this controversy.
Update 10th February 10, 2010 Shiv Sena Vs My name is Khan vs SRK
First Shiv Sena said they will oppose, later Shiv Sena said that it will not oppose the screening of my name is Khan
"Let Shah Rukh release the film with the blessings of the Italian woman (Sonia Gandhi) and Yuvraj (Rahul Gandhi) without any protection and let it run in any theatre anywhere in the country. Sena will not oppose it," Sena chief BAL Thackeray said in an editorial in party mouthpiece 'Saamana'.
One of the Ministers Shared Pawar visited Shiv Sena to request them not to oppose IPL
After this now again Shiv Sena has taken U turn and declared that they will not allow any one to screen the movie my name is Khan.
After this Shiv Sena party members attacked and damaged the booking windows of the Mehul Theatre and Shreyas theatre.
Now Shiv Sena has clearly challenged the Chief Minister of Maharashtra as well as Mumbai police.
For security reasons Mumbai Police have arrested more than 300 Shiv Sena party workers.
This time BJP party has seen the movie my name is khan before its release
Again our Indian laws fail to create fear in the eyes of law breakers.
India is ruled by mob rule not by the democracy.
Does Sharad Pawar give Shiv Sena new life and new power?
The visit of Rahul Gandhi proved that if Mumbai police is given freedom they can do wonders with our law and order system
Wednesday, February 3, 2010
Tuesday, February 2, 2010
India- Know About MiG-29K Naval Fighter Jets -
India- Know About MiG-29K Naval Fighter Jets -
Reality Views by sm -
On 19th February Indian navy will start to use the MiG-29K Naval Fighter Jets.
The Mikoyan MiG-29 (Russian: Микоян МиГ-29; NATO reporting name: Fulcrum) is a 4th-generation jet fighter aircraft
In the year 2004 India purchased 16 MiG-29K Naval Fighter Jets from Russia along with Admiral Gorshkov aircraft carrier which is renamed as INS Vikramaditya which India will get in the year 2012 under the 1.5 billion USD.
USD 974 million went towards the warship and USD 526 million for the fighter jets.
The Mig 29 squadron will be known as Black Panthers.
Currently Russian Technicians are giving training to Indians at INS Hansa regarding the maintainance, reassembling etc.
Out of 16 India got 4 MiG-29KUB twin-seater trainers using which training will be given for Mig29k naval jets.
It’s said that in future we will again purchase 29 more Mig29k jets for 1.2 billion.
As India is purchasing Mig29k
Let’s know and understand about MiG-29K Naval Fighter Jets
MiG-29KUB is normally used for training.
Role - Carrier-based Multirole fighter, all weather fighter, can fight day or night
The internal fuel load is 4,560 kg
Weight of the aircraft 22.4 t.
Fuel capacity of the MiG-29K is 1,850 liters
MiG-29K and MiG-29KUB are also equipped with an in-flight refueling system.
The combat radius of MiG-29K is 850 km (528 mi) and ferry range is 3000 km (1,860 mi) with 3 drop tanks.
Length: 17.3 m (57.76 ft)
Maximum speed: Mach 2+ (2,200 km/h, 1,370 mph) At low altitude: 1,400 km/h, 870 mph
1x 30 mm GSh-30-1 cannon with 100 rounds
Air to Air Missiles: Eight air-to-air missiles — a mix of infrared homing, semi-active radar homing (SARH) and Active radar homing.
National origin - Russia
Manufacturer - Mikoyan
First flight - 23 July 1988
Unit cost - US$46.25 million including spares and support
Developed from - Mikoyan MiG-29M
NATO reporting name is Fulcrum-D
In the early 1990 it’s said that Russian navy for themselves preferred Su-27K as a result it did not go into production and only 2 prototypes were developed by Russian company.
The MiG-29Ks first flight was performed on 23 July 1988 at Saky by test pilot T.Aubakirov.
The first MiG-29KUB developed for the Indian Navy made its maiden flight at the Russian Zhukovsky aircraft test centre on 22 January 2007
The MiG-29KUB two-seat carrier-based fighter is intended for pilot training as well as fulfillment of combat missions identical to those of the MiG-29K single-seat fighter.
A fly-by-wire (FBW) system actually replaces manual control of the aircraft with an electronic interface. The aircraft is equipped with four-channel digital fly-by-wire flight control system, passive anti-radar missile homing system from Russia; France's Sigma-95 GPS receiver and Top Sight helmet-mounted targeting system (the same developed for Dassault Rafale); Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) from Israel; and the Indian Industry supplies the communications equipment. HOTAS-like controls is used in MiG-29K.
An on-board oxygen generating system is provided to eliminate the need for multiple oxygen canisters.
The MIG 29K has radar ZHUK-ME.
I am not expert in the arms, but whatever I read I came to know and feel that Indian navy should get the Zhuk-AE radar which is advanced than ZHUK-ME radar.
The pride of Indian fighters Su30 MKI also got the Zhuk-AE 'AESA radar system. I don’t know why Indian Navy is not going for the best quality and technique and machine.
The radar has a weight of 220 kg
Radar has a detection range of up to 120 km
In air to surface mode the radar can detect a tank from up to 25 km away and a bridge from 120 km away, a naval destroyer could be detected up to 300 km away and up to two surface targets can be tracked at once.
Mig29 can provide targeting solutions for ground and air targets at up to 15 km. It can detect missiles.
It can do all these tasks across the full 360 degrees of the battlefield
Armament for the MiG-29K -
1- A single GSh-30-1 30 mm cannon in the port wing root with 100 rounds
2- It has provision for laser guided and electro optical bombs. Rocket bombs, guided bombs, antiship missiles, air to air missile.
In short MiG-29K Carrier-Based Single Seat Fighter is intended for:
* Day/night strikes with precision-guided weapons
* Anti-air warfare
* Fighter escort
* Close air support
* Suppression of enemy air defense
* Maritime strike
* Reconnaissance
* Forward Air Control (Airborne) (FAC (A))
* Air-to-Air Refueling
MiG-29KUB Carrier-Based Two-Seat Fighter is intended for:
* acquiring and up keeping the skills in piloting and navigation;
* Practice of combat operation maneuvers;
* Performance of combat missions identical to those of the MiG-29K single-seat fighter.
Russia used mig29k in 2008 when it fought war with the Georgia. Russia operates at total of around 643 Mig-29 fighters.
In April 20, 2008 Georgia accused Russia of shooting down its Hermes drone with a Mig-29; UN determined that the drone was shot down by a Mig-29 firing an R-73 air-to-air missile.
China has already started to make their own fighter aircrafts Russia has not delivered any combat aircraft to China since the last Sukhoi Su-30MKK2 was delivered to the PLA Navy in late 2004. Hope Indian politicians will understand and give freedom and money to our scientist to study and make our own fighter aircrafts.
Comparable aircraft -
* F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
* Dassault Rafale M
* Su-33
Watch Video of MIG29k DOING Cobra and other fighting skills.
Photo of Mig29k
Reality Views by sm -
On 19th February Indian navy will start to use the MiG-29K Naval Fighter Jets.
The Mikoyan MiG-29 (Russian: Микоян МиГ-29; NATO reporting name: Fulcrum) is a 4th-generation jet fighter aircraft
In the year 2004 India purchased 16 MiG-29K Naval Fighter Jets from Russia along with Admiral Gorshkov aircraft carrier which is renamed as INS Vikramaditya which India will get in the year 2012 under the 1.5 billion USD.
USD 974 million went towards the warship and USD 526 million for the fighter jets.
The Mig 29 squadron will be known as Black Panthers.
Currently Russian Technicians are giving training to Indians at INS Hansa regarding the maintainance, reassembling etc.
Out of 16 India got 4 MiG-29KUB twin-seater trainers using which training will be given for Mig29k naval jets.
It’s said that in future we will again purchase 29 more Mig29k jets for 1.2 billion.
As India is purchasing Mig29k
Let’s know and understand about MiG-29K Naval Fighter Jets
MiG-29KUB is normally used for training.
Role - Carrier-based Multirole fighter, all weather fighter, can fight day or night
The internal fuel load is 4,560 kg
Weight of the aircraft 22.4 t.
Fuel capacity of the MiG-29K is 1,850 liters
MiG-29K and MiG-29KUB are also equipped with an in-flight refueling system.
The combat radius of MiG-29K is 850 km (528 mi) and ferry range is 3000 km (1,860 mi) with 3 drop tanks.
Length: 17.3 m (57.76 ft)
Maximum speed: Mach 2+ (2,200 km/h, 1,370 mph) At low altitude: 1,400 km/h, 870 mph
1x 30 mm GSh-30-1 cannon with 100 rounds
Air to Air Missiles: Eight air-to-air missiles — a mix of infrared homing, semi-active radar homing (SARH) and Active radar homing.
National origin - Russia
Manufacturer - Mikoyan
First flight - 23 July 1988
Unit cost - US$46.25 million including spares and support
Developed from - Mikoyan MiG-29M
NATO reporting name is Fulcrum-D
In the early 1990 it’s said that Russian navy for themselves preferred Su-27K as a result it did not go into production and only 2 prototypes were developed by Russian company.
The MiG-29Ks first flight was performed on 23 July 1988 at Saky by test pilot T.Aubakirov.
The first MiG-29KUB developed for the Indian Navy made its maiden flight at the Russian Zhukovsky aircraft test centre on 22 January 2007
The MiG-29KUB two-seat carrier-based fighter is intended for pilot training as well as fulfillment of combat missions identical to those of the MiG-29K single-seat fighter.
A fly-by-wire (FBW) system actually replaces manual control of the aircraft with an electronic interface. The aircraft is equipped with four-channel digital fly-by-wire flight control system, passive anti-radar missile homing system from Russia; France's Sigma-95 GPS receiver and Top Sight helmet-mounted targeting system (the same developed for Dassault Rafale); Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) from Israel; and the Indian Industry supplies the communications equipment. HOTAS-like controls is used in MiG-29K.
An on-board oxygen generating system is provided to eliminate the need for multiple oxygen canisters.
The MIG 29K has radar ZHUK-ME.
I am not expert in the arms, but whatever I read I came to know and feel that Indian navy should get the Zhuk-AE radar which is advanced than ZHUK-ME radar.
The pride of Indian fighters Su30 MKI also got the Zhuk-AE 'AESA radar system. I don’t know why Indian Navy is not going for the best quality and technique and machine.
The radar has a weight of 220 kg
Radar has a detection range of up to 120 km
In air to surface mode the radar can detect a tank from up to 25 km away and a bridge from 120 km away, a naval destroyer could be detected up to 300 km away and up to two surface targets can be tracked at once.
Mig29 can provide targeting solutions for ground and air targets at up to 15 km. It can detect missiles.
It can do all these tasks across the full 360 degrees of the battlefield
Armament for the MiG-29K -
1- A single GSh-30-1 30 mm cannon in the port wing root with 100 rounds
2- It has provision for laser guided and electro optical bombs. Rocket bombs, guided bombs, antiship missiles, air to air missile.
In short MiG-29K Carrier-Based Single Seat Fighter is intended for:
* Day/night strikes with precision-guided weapons
* Anti-air warfare
* Fighter escort
* Close air support
* Suppression of enemy air defense
* Maritime strike
* Reconnaissance
* Forward Air Control (Airborne) (FAC (A))
* Air-to-Air Refueling
MiG-29KUB Carrier-Based Two-Seat Fighter is intended for:
* acquiring and up keeping the skills in piloting and navigation;
* Practice of combat operation maneuvers;
* Performance of combat missions identical to those of the MiG-29K single-seat fighter.
Russia used mig29k in 2008 when it fought war with the Georgia. Russia operates at total of around 643 Mig-29 fighters.
In April 20, 2008 Georgia accused Russia of shooting down its Hermes drone with a Mig-29; UN determined that the drone was shot down by a Mig-29 firing an R-73 air-to-air missile.
China has already started to make their own fighter aircrafts Russia has not delivered any combat aircraft to China since the last Sukhoi Su-30MKK2 was delivered to the PLA Navy in late 2004. Hope Indian politicians will understand and give freedom and money to our scientist to study and make our own fighter aircrafts.
Comparable aircraft -
* F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
* Dassault Rafale M
* Su-33
Watch Video of MIG29k DOING Cobra and other fighting skills.
Photo of Mig29k
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)